When you think of celebrities and cars who comes to your mind? Some people might think of Shahrukh Khan for his Hyundai Commercial, and Brie Larson for her Nissan commercial. But I have a different name for you Muhammad Ali yeah that is Muhammad Ali! The legendary boxer, the Civil rights activist, and every college freshman dorm had a photo of him standing over Sonny Liston. But did you know that he owned a car company based out of Brazil? Tape up your hands and buckle up because this story will float like a butterfly and sting like a bee!

First of all, how does somebody like Mohammed Ali and a small Brazilian car company like Puma meet? To find out, we need to do a little bit of backtracking to answer questions like this: what is Puma? what kind of car was it? How did Muhammad Ali get involved?

Industrialization in Brazil

Will first need to take a brief look history of the car industry in Brazil. Pre-1956 Brazil was mostly an agricultural Nation whose main export was coffee. The only notable thing related to the car industry was that Ford had been there since 1919 assembling Model T’s in Sao Paulo. However, during the 1950s, the Brazilian government made efforts to industrialize the country, and one of the big steps they took to achieve that was to encourage domestic car production. 

Brazil applied heavy import taxes on vehicles that were not produced in the country and banned import altogether for a long time, and to be Frank, these import taxes and bans worked!  To avoid these new hurdles, General Motors, Toyota and Volkswagen would all soon build their factories within Brazil, but before the foreign companies set up shop this burgeoning industry also accelerated the creation of local Brazilian automakers and they were a little different as well. These first Brazilian car companies were mostly of the specialty in kit car variety. 

One of these cars for the DKW Malzoni was built in Sao Paulo and gained popularity rather quickly.

 It's hard to believe that the mere presence of a constant low and high temperature can result in pulsating motion, but then along comes the genius mind of Robert Stirling. The inventor of the Stirling Engine.

What is the Stirling engine?

The Stirling engine is an engaging device that converts a temperature difference into mechanical work. Hot water near the hot side and room temperature on the cold side is enough to make it work.

How does Stirling Engine Work?

This exciting device is known as Stirling Engine. To understand how this device works or how Mr. Stirling's mind worked at the time of this invention. To start, separate the hot-cold plates, within the insulating material. Let's introduce a thick insulating cylinder called the displacer, if the displacer is at the bottom it will obviously prevent the heat flow from the bottom plate which means the majority of the air undergoes heat transfer you the upper cold plate, and the air volume approach is the surrounding air temperature. 

If the displacer is moved up the exact reverse will happen and the air will heat up when the air temperature inside this volume increases its pressure also increases. Robert Stirling's next brilliant idea was to use this high pressure to run a power system, the same power piston can move the displacer up or down. 

Mechanism of Stirling engine:

Let's see how he achieved it practically to achieve this objective Robert Stirling connected one more Crank on the same rotating shaft of the power piston, this time at a 90-degree offset to the first crank now this crank is connected to the displacer, he also added a flywheel in the shaft the use of which we will come to know later. Now let's see how this arrangement achieves the robot sterling's objectives when the bottom plate of the engine is heated up. 

Working of Stirling engine:

Let's start with the power piston's lowest position if you check the position of the displacer it is almost in the middle the air obviously gets heated so its pressure increases which move the piston up. While observing the displacer clearly during the upward piston motion the displacer moves up and supports the additional heat from the hot plate, the displacer prevents the cold heat transfer during this motion which means that during the upward piston motion the air's temperature and pressure keep increasing and the piston extracts the energy. 

However, after reaching the top the displacer is again in the middle which means that the heated air can lose heat to the cold plate obviously this process reduces the pressure of the air volume due to the momentum of a big flywheel, the piston will now start its downward journey during which the air loses progressively more heat and pressure, therefore, the piston is downward motion happens without much difficulty after the piston reaches the bottom position we are back at the starting point and the cycle repeats.

What happens when the Stirling engine is kept on a cube of ice?

It's a beautiful way of producing reciprocating motion, isn't it? Now you can predict how this machine will behave if we keep an ice block below it, here the inside air temperature and pressure become lesser than the atmospheric temperature and pressure the low pressure inside the chamber means the force acting on the piston will be in the downward direction, so the piston has to move down this way the engine rotates in the opposite direction. 

How efficient is the Stirling engine?

In short, this engine will keep on working unless and until there is a temperature difference between the two plates. The greater the temperature difference the greater the engine speed and power output. 

Compared to other internal combustion engines of the same power Stirling engines have more efficiency, and the thermal efficiency is comparable to small engines. Stirling engines have an amazing energy conversion efficiency. 

 The brake is what makes it possible for humans to control motor vehicles and stop quickly. For over a century, braking systems have evolved into more complex devices to adapt to different load conditions.

They are a key part of the amazing technology that is the automobile which top to break has transformed greatly over time.

 Today we are revealing some interesting and surprising facts about one of the most dominant and long-lasting brands in the luxury automotive industry for this we are going to focus all of our attention on Mercedes-Benz. 

How Mercedes-Benz was formed?

Mercedes-Benz was established when two German automobile companies run by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz merged to create the Daimler-Benz patent company in 1926 and soon after it was renamed, Mercedes-Benz. 

The first Mercedes-Benz owned by Hitler

The first joint car they produced was the Mercedes 770 model which Hitler was known to drive with a bulletproof windshield over the used. Mercedes-Benz has been a leader in innovation in technology and safety and has developed some of the most popular luxury cars of all time. 

Mercedes's slogan is the best or nothing and we know this reflects the mindset of many people out there. Mercedes-Benz is an excellent source of inspiration for future billionaires due to their luxury mindset in forward-thinking ways not to mention their longevity and their drive for success.

Now let's take a look at the facts you didn't know about Mercedes-Benz:

Karl Benz created the first modern automobile. Karl Benz was actually the first to create and patent the model automobile in 1886 his vehicle was called the patent motorwagen and it was comprised of 3  wheels a Steel Tube frame of wooden panels in a small gasoline-powered engine it only had two-thirds HP. But Karl had to start from somewhere his wife Bertha Benz financed and marketed the invention.

Story Behind Naming Mercedes

Mercedes's name came from an 11-year-old girl. The Mercedes brand name came about as a result of Austria diplomat and racing enthusiast Emil Jellinek insisting that the series of 36 sports cars he ordered from the Daimler company be renamed after his 11-year-old daughter Mercedes. 

The car was completed in 1901 and Jellinek dominated in every racing event entered with them. Daimler decided to stick with the name after quickly developing an impressive reputation and they trademarked the brand in 1902.

The invention of the Brake pad

Bertha Benz was the first person to take a road trip in a modern automobile. Bertha Benz the wife of Karl Benz brought National attention to the Benz patent motorwagen when she and her sons drove the car over 130 miles round trip. The first time the automobile had been driven a considerable distance. She took off without telling her husband with her two sons aged 13 and 15 hoping to prove the viability of the invention. 

But people were not used to seeing cars on the road so many became frightened and some even thought the horseless carriage was to work of the devil she solves several problems with the automobile along the way like cleaning a blocked few lines with her hat pin and having a cobbler install leather when the wooden breaks began to fail to make the world's first pair of the brake pad.

What does the 3-point logo represent in Mercedes?

The three-pointed logo almost had a fourth point added, the Mercedes-Benz three-point logo represents its domination of the land, air, and water. The Logo has evolved through the years with the first three-point starter being used in 1909, there was discussion about adding the fourth point to represent space as well.

The First Driver's License

Karl Benz was given the very first driver's license individual states and countries started exploring the need to issue driver's licenses in the early 1900s but Karl Benz had the distinction of being the first to secure a license to operate a motor vehicle. 

In 1888 he requested written permission from local authorities after there had been several complaints in his community about the noise and smell of his first modern automobile prototype.

Now, who owns the Mercedes?

Daimler AG owns Mercedes. Daimler-Benz was transitioned over a new name Daimler AG in 1998, They own all of Mercedes divisions such as Benz, the AMG, and a Maybach.

 Karl Benz was born on the 25th of November 1844 in Karlsruhe Germany. He attended Polytechnic University there before gaining his first practical experience at various mechanical engineering companies. He was a German Mechanical Engineer.

Karl Benz - Automotive Innovator

The early life of Karl Benz

After gaining some experience from various mechanical firms then he founded his own company with his one fellow companion in 1872 Eisen geese of iron which was later named Factory of Machines and sheet metal however it was not much of a success at first and it was only the dowry of Karls's wife Bertha that saved them from immediate loss.

Karl Benz developed his two-stroke engine design

In 1877 Karl Benz started developing 2 stroke engine and after 2 years it ran sufficiently for the first time. The patent for gas-fueled Four-stroke cycle engines was already owned at that time by the Gasmotoren-Fabrik Deutz (Daimlers company). 

Nevertheless, Benz did patent some of his inventions such as his engine speed regulator, a stock corporation under the name Gasmotoren-Fabrik Mannheim (Karl's company) was set up in 1882 Karl Benz resigned from it a short time later though.

Benz & Companie Rheinische Gasmotoren-Fabrik

Only the founding of the Benz & Companie Rheinische Gasmotoren-Fabrik and the entrepreneur Max rose and Frederick Wilhelm led Benz to eventual success. The company established in 1883 expanded quickly and was even able to grant licenses for the construction of gas fuel engines. For Benz, it finally became possible to devote his time to the development of the car engine. 

What was Karl Benz's company?

Unlike Gottlieb Daimler who integrated his engine into the carriage. Karl Benz was aiming for the development of an entire vehicle and not installing the engine in the carriage. But to make a full vehicle. 

It featured wire wheels with a four-stroke engine of his own design and the Motorwagen worked as power was transmitted using two roller changes to the rear axial. Karl Benz finished his creation in 1885 and named it Benz's patent Motorwagen (motorcar).

In 1886 he was able to present his first Benz patent motor car to the public a three-wheeled vehicle powered by a four-stroke gasoline engine. From 1885 to 1887 three models with slight variations were produced. 

Bertha Benz first lady to drive a car

One woman thought it was ready for the world. His wife Bertha Benz. Without knowing Karl she took the car. She undertook the first long-distance drive in the world. At that time no one believed it was a car on the road.

Bertha Benz and her sons traveling on motorwagen

With the so-called model 3 Bertha Benz, in 1888 at a distance of 100 kilometers from Mannheim to the Pforzheim she experienced an adventurous drive of 65 miles without her husband but with her two sons Eugen and Richard but she only let Karl know after a happy and safe arrival of them.

The year was 1876, and Nicholas Otto had just invented the first Four-Stroke engine in the world. Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach also worked in Otto’s firm in management positions the two men who had known each other for 10 years were close friends.

After working with Nicholaus Otto on the invention of the Otto engine. Later, Maybach and Daimler aimed to develop an engine, that could run fast, they succeeded in the stationary engine for industrial purposes and became a sales hit. 

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach

Gottlieb Daimler:

Born: 17 March 1834, Scorndorf, Germany

Died: 6 March 1900, Stuttgart, Germany

Invention: High-speed liquid petroleum engine (Reitwagen)

Wilhelm Maybach:

Born: 9 February 1846, Heilbron, Germany

Died: 29 December 1929 Stuttgart, Germany

Invention: world center for car production, motorboat, Grandfather clock engine

History of Gottlieb Daimler

The nostalgia of Schorndorf. A small picture book town in Germany, it is difficult to believe that history was made here on March 17, 1834, the town most inherent was born Gottlieb Daimler, his birthplace where his father ran Bakery and wine items still stand today at the same place.

Daimler junior was captivated by the world of Engineering which shaped his whole life. Starting as a workshop assistant he was hardworking towards his work and a dedicated student, but he was 48 years old before he could devote himself to his dream.

Why did Daimler and Maybach leave Otto's firm?

Maybach's new design also considerably reduce the cost and simplified the manufacturer. However, Maybach and Daimler wanted more they felt that the engine is too slow, too large, and too heavy. These two inventors shared a different version, they wanted to design a fast small light engine that can be installed anywhere.

The engine should motorize everything that has previously been done using animals or steam power in the future. They had a clear vision. So they left Ottos's firm.

What did Daimler and Maybach invent

After leaving Otto’s firm, he converted a greenhouse into a workshop. He started experimenting to his heart's content. He almost possessed a vision of creating a light high-speed Petroleum driven combustion engine. 

Daimler finally reached his goal in 1886, his 1.1 HorsePower combustion engine reaching 650 revolutions per minute(rpm) could function consistently without ignition problems.

How was the Grandfather clock engine invented?

Maybach and Daimler soon vision takes on concrete forms together they designed the first fast combustion engine and the first installable engine named Grandfather Clock. 

In 1886 the time had come when the first Daimler Motorcoach was ready to try. However, they remain unsuccessful. People until then were frightened of the catering vehicles, the new engine has to prove itself in fire tracks, exteriable balloons only then people will begin to accept the new mode of transport.

How was Daimler's Reitwagen invented?

This Inventive genius was awarded patent number 28022, added by William Maybach he installed the engine in the first-ever test carriage (Reitwagen), and the people of Schorndorf were outraged by the smell and clatter of the carriage but the two visionaries were unstoppable. But Daimler and Maybach installed a combustion engine in a standard carriage.

The motor car was born in it Daimler and Maybach were often seen riding in a prototype, whether it would be a train, ship, or airplane Daimler used his engine in all vehicles.

The car was born

In 1889, the first breakthrough in France the World Exhibition of Paris Willhelm Maybach’s four-wheel steel wheel Wagon was successful. Two French companies purchased a license and only a few years later 500 automobiles were already on the roads in France. However, in Germany, people remain reticent.

 Nicholaus August Otto (June 10, 1832 - 26 January 1891) was a German engineer who developed the Four-stroke Internal Combustion engine, which provided the first practical alternative to the steam engine power source. Nikolaus Otto built his first gasoline-powered engine in 1861. 

At that time gas was expensive. The engine was relatively inefficient and required a lot of water for cooling purposes. Yet Nicholaus Otto saw potential in this concept.

Three years later Nicholaus formed a partnership with German Industrialist Eugen Langen which gave this experiment a boost. They together developed an improvised engine that was selected in the Paris Expo of 1867 and won a gold medal for this invention.

What is the Otto cycle?

The Otto engine is a combustion engine and it is considered to be a technological milestone of the human sword, it was named after its inventor Nicholaus August otto. Otto engines are used in motorcycles, cars, and the automotive industry.

How Otto cycle was named?

In 1876, Nicholaus Otto build an Internal Combustion engine utilizing the four-stroke cycle. But unfortunately, the four-stroke cycle was patented in 1862 by the French engineer Alphonse Beau de Rochas. Since Otto was the first to build an engine based on this principle, it is commonly known as the Otto cycle.

About Otto engines

Because of its reliability, efficiency, and its relation to quietness, the Otto engine was an immediate success. More than 30,000 of them were built during the next 10 years. But in 1886 Otto's patent was officially canceled when Beau de Rochas' earlier patent was brought to light.

So now we know that the Otto cycle is the ideal cycle for internal combustion engines more specifically gasoline engines there is a need for us to better understand the four-stroke Otto engine.

How does the Otto cycle work?

The proposed Otto engine is composed of a piston that moves up and down in a cylinder. 

The highest point the Piston can reach is called the Top dead center, whereas the lowest point it can reach is called the Bottom dead center. 

The volume between both points is called engine displacement. The pistons connected to the crankshaft through the connecting rod the crankshaft transmit the rotational movement to the gearbox and consequently drive the wheel of a car or motorcycle.

Two camshafts are installed on the top of the cylinder which controls the intake and exhaust valve the camshaft is connected to the crankshaft through a belt more than not the crankshaft to the camshaft gear ratio is 2 to 1 which means that for every two revolutions of the crankshaft, the camshaft will rotate only once. 

How does the Four-Stroke engine works?

An Otto engine has a spark plug that uses an electric spark to ignite the fuel charge. A four-stroke otto engine is an internal combustion engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes.

The four stages of the otto cycle are as follows:

First stroke

The first stroke is called the intake stroke where the intake valve is opened by the rotating cam, and the air-fuel mixture is sucked into the cylinder.

 The world we see today is changing day by day and the use of science and technology gadgets and appliances is increasing in our day-to-day life. How is this possible? For example, the typewriter to the digital wireless keyboard, from the Rotary dial telephone to video calls in smartphones, from the beginning of computers to laptops and tablets, from the world's first car to a fully automatic driverless car. All these changes are possible due to Research and Development (R&D)which is also an important reason for the Industrial Revolution.

What is the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution is a stage of history that goes from the mid-1700s to the 1840s and began in England almost entire mankind's life had been based on agriculture in the 18th century.

The term Industrial Revolution was first used by European scholars George Michelin and Fredrich Angles in Germany. 

When did the Industrial Revolution start?

The period from the mid-1700s to 1840 was the Industrial Revolution because of all the technological advances made. A huge number of inventions during these 150 years completely changed the way people lived and worked. There were mainly two different Revolutionary periods called the First and Second Industrial Revolutions.

Journey of the Industrial Revolution

You will learn about the recent inventions and transformations of technology from the manufacturing industry to the IT industry.

Industrial Revolution 1.0

The period of the first Industrial Revolution has been from 1760 to 1850. The Industrial Revolution started in Britain at that time. Technology and innovations were of British origin by the 18 century, Britain had become the leading commercial nation of the world rooftop development of trade and business through the activities of the East India Company was one of the major reasons behind the industrial revolution. 

The first Industrial Revolution is also known as the Mechanization of Industries. Handmade products started to be used to use machines.

The first use of machines started in the textile industry. The manufacturing process leads to a new transformation from the beginning of the first industrial revolution. 

This transformation included increasing the number of machines from hand production methods, new chemical manufacturing iron production, process steam power, water power, and manufacturing new machine tools. Talking about some important inventions during the first industrial revolution.

Inventions during the 1st Industrial Revolution:

It started in England with the three major inventions

The Second Industrial Revolution began around 1860 to 1914. Which was a period of rapid standardization and industrialization. Talking about Industry 2.0 most of the ideas and inventions of Industry 1.0 have been applied to develop and use new technology.

The Second Industrial Revolution is also known as Electrification.

Inventions during the 2nd Industrial Revolution:

• Instead of water and stream-based machines, the use of electrical machines started increasing which was low cost and efficient.

• Another big area of improvement was the harnessing of electricity which gave rise to electric bulbs, electric lights, electric signals, telephones, and typewriters.

• Knuckle couplers are used to join the train coaches.

• The steam turbine was also an important invention developed by Sir Charles Parson in 1884 connecting the dynamo to generate 7.5 of electricity.

• During this time automobile industry was born when Karl Benz invented the world's first automobile car in 1885.

Industrial Revolution 3.0

The third Industrial Revolution started in the 20th century. 

The third Industrial Revolution is also called as Digital revolution.

Inventions during the 3rd Industrial Revolution:

There were many inventions during this Revolution that gave birth to a new era.

• It included computers cell phones, internet-integrated chips IC, microprocessors, etc.

• During this revolution (PLC) Programmable Logic controller was a historical invention built in the 1960s to set up Electronics and programs to automate and manually operate machines.

• The biggest example of this is the NC numerical control machine in which machine tools were automated which is known as the CNC machine

• In 1952 by collaborating with Richard Kegg (MIT) the world's first CNC milling machine was invented.

• The Internet was invented by the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), in 1969 by sending the first message via the Internet.

• Subsequently, Tim Berners-lee invented the World Wide Web (www)wherein 1989.

 Flying a drone is great fun you can take off, you can hover(float) it turn on any axis you want. But have you ever thought about how the flight dynamics of the drone actually work? 

If you ever found yourself wondering how drones or quadcopters fly, then you are in the right place.

Drones use BLDC (Brushless) motors which are outrunners types, the propeller blades are attached to the cover of the motor. They have three motions Pitch, Roll Yaw.

Airfoil Principle

The propeller blades are the most important part of the drone each cross-section of the blade produces a lift force when air flows over the blade due to the Airfoil principle. The blade is designed in such a way that the lift force produced along the length will be in the same direction on both parts of the blades allowing us to represent the total lift force produced by the drone blade. 

The controller is used to modify the motor speed it is as simple as the greater the Blade Speed, the greater the lift force. 

What makes a drone fly?

During takeoff, just increase the rotor speed as the collective lift force produced by the blades overcomes the weight of the drone. It will lift from the ground this is known as a climbing stage. 

When you have achieved the necessary height you can reduce the rotor speed until the lift force exactly balances the drone weight that doesn't wait there we have it levitation. 

Drone Hovering

Levitation is technically known as Drone hovering in both the drone takeoff and hovering stages all four propellers rotate at the same speed. One diagonally opposite pair of propellers rotates in one direction and the other pair rotates in another direction, it might look strange but if all the propellers were spinning in the same direction then the drone body would have rotated in opposite direction.

Let's see why this is the case, this is because the stator of the motor is attached to the Drone body the rotor of the motor turns because it receives torque from the stator. If we enter Newton's third law of motion, if the motor is receiving torque from the stator, the stator will also receive an equal amount of torque but in the opposite direction of the rotor. If all the rotors are spinning in the same direction the Drone body will receive reaction torque. 

What happens if rotors are spinning in the same direction?

The net effect of these four reaction's torque would force the drone body to turn in the same direction as the reaction torque or in the opposite direction of the propeller rotation. By spinning the propeller pairs in the opposite direction, we make the net reaction torque zero.

Yaw Motion

Interestingly the same physics is used to achieve YAW motion in normal conditions all the blades will be spinning at the same speed, the yaw motion is produced by rotating one diagonal per at one speed and the other pair at a different speed. 

In this case, the reaction torque will not cancel out and the drone body will spin. when you control the yaw stick of the remote control its motion is circular.

Pitching and Rolling

Let's learn about the other two angular motions of the drone Pitch and Roll, the Pitch and Roll of a Drone are controlled by this same yaw stick and they worked based on the same physics.

Pitch Motion

To pitch the Drone forward the front propellers are spun at a lower speed and the back propellers at a higher speed. This creates a different lift force at the front and back and does a net torque the net torque causes the Drone to pitch.

Roll Motion

To roll the drone the same trick is applied but one side pair is spun faster and the other slower. Once again the net torque forces the drone to for a roll motion but to the side pair here.

One interesting thing to know, in both roll and pitch operation even though you are changing the speed of the propellers when you add the reaction torque produced by the motors it becomes zero.

This is the beauty of quadcopter drone design. They make way for stable Drone operation.

How does a drone fly forward?

At the beginning of this article we saw how to climb a Drone, now let's see how the Drone is flown forward or sidewalk. Assume you are facing the Drone forward after you achieve the desired pitch angle you brought the propeller speeds to the same value so that it won't pitch further, the Drone cannot balance at the tilted angle. 

To balance the drone we have to first balance the gravitational force suppose the propeller speed is such a way that the vertical component of the propeller force balances the weight, here comes the issue the propeller force has a horizontal component as well even though the vertical forces are balanced. 

The  unbalanced horizontal force will move the drone horizontally which will cause a drag force on the drone's body, the Drone will increase its speed horizontally until the drag force matches the horizontal force, 

In short, to fly the Drone forward you just pitch down the Drone and balance it vertically the Drone does the rest automatically moving forward. To get the side motion the same mechanics are used roll the drone toward one side and balance it vertically.

Is it possible to move the Drone in a perfect circle?

The answer is yes the answer lies in the physics of circular motion, Let's brush up on the basic principles Consider an object moving in a straight line when acted on by a force that is always perpendicular to its velocity the object will turn in a circle. 

For example, you can make the Drone move straight by pitching it down, now if you roll the Drone down you can easily produce a force perpendicular to the Drone's velocity, this will make the drone turn in a circle. 

I hope you have enjoyed learning about the interesting flight dynamics of the quadcopter drone.

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 The whole world knows that the first airplane was flown by Wright Brothers, But what the world doesn't know is that 8 years before the Wright Brothers one Indian scholar named Shivkar Bapuji Talpade had already made and flown an unmanned plane in the sky.

Story of Shivkar Bapuji Talpade

The story of a genius who is unrecognized even though he made an invention that proves a turning point in the history of mankind Shivkar Bapuji Talpade was an Indian scholar who constructed and flew an unmanned airplane in 1895.

Shivkar Talpade was born in the area of Chira Bazar locality of Mumbai in 1864, he was a scholar of Sanskrit literature and the Vedas. He completed his full education at Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art (JJ School of Arts) Ph.D. degree.

How he got Interested in Aeronautics

At the age of 30, he came to know about ancient Indian Aeronautics through his teacher Chiranjilal Verma who encouraged him to read Swami Dayanand Saraswati's works related to ancient Aeronautics. Inspired by these texts, Talpade decided to construct the Vedic Vimana which is described in the Vedas and he started learning the Vedic Sanskrit language. 

Talpade got assistance from his teacher Mr. Shastri. Mr. Shastri made a big contribution to the invention of the airplane and believed in Talpade's knowledge.

Pioneer of Unmanned airplane / Construction of Plane

Talpade started creating an unmanned airplane using the Mercury ion as fuel. His airplane was named Marut Sakha which means friend of wind. This airplane is supposed to have been inspired by Vimana an ancient flying machine in Hindu mythology. 

In 1895, Talpade demonstrated his airplane on Mumbai beach in front of a crowd of hundreds, famous people like Lomanya Tilak, Mahadev Govinda Ranade, and King Sayajirao Gaikwad II were present in this incredible event.

Demonstration of airplane

This airplane(Marut Sakha) sustained flight for a few minutes it flew to a height of approximately 1,500 feet and then fell down to earth. 

Shivkar Talpade needed funds to continue his research to create a bigger airplane where a man could travel. King Sayajirao Gaikwad, II was amazed by his experiment and promised to provide funds for more research.

How Britishers pulled Shivkar Talpade down

But due to pressure from the British government, King couldn't keep his promise.

The British government did everything to suppress Talpade's experiment. But somehow he managed to get funds for his experiment.

He did everything to survive his experiment from the Britishers.

But surprisingly British government arrested him by claiming that he was making explosives from mercury. Then after Talpade spent many years in jail by the time he came out of jail Wright brothers had already invented airplanes. 

Britishers never wanted an Indian to make the first invention or any invention.

Claimed for his Experiment

Years after the invention of the Wright Brothers. Talpade died in 1916 without getting any credits for his experiment. Some of his students tried to put forward his invention so that Talpade could get deserved credits for his inventions.

But the world was not ready to accept that airplanes could fly by using a mercury ion engine. 

Leonardo da Vinci sketched once in his notebook in 1514. The parachutes were reinvented in the late of 18 century in 1783  but credit for the first invention of the first practical parachute goes to  Frenchman Sebastian Lenormand, the man who imposed the word Parachute.

What is the history of Parachutes?

In the early years of our present century, a group of Government and military men gathered to evaluate the possibilities of a new vehicle for use by the army. 

When the air age began many of the early designs were not the most reliable aircraft in fact some of them proved themselves to be no aircraft at all. 

But man was determined to fly at the beginning of the air age. Keeping this in mind, in the future if aircraft were successful then safety parachutes would have an important role.

When did Parachutes first come into use?

Experimenting of Parachutes

How Parachutes helped in World War

Seat ejection Parachute technique

The ejection technique came into practice

Adaptation of parachutes

Parachuting as sports

Conclusion

Hydrogen gas or H2 is a gas that contains a lot of chemical energy if you Ignite it, it will react with the oxygen in the air and release its energy using an explosion, and the only waste product is water. No CO2 nor any toxic gases just a bit of water. Of course, the uncontrolled explosion is great fun but how to properly use hydrogen as a fuel to power machines and vehicles, such as cars, well to do that we use a Fuel cell Hydrogen Fuel Cell.

What is Hydrogen Fuel Cell?

A hydrogen fuel cell is a device that takes hydrogen and oxygen and uses those to create electricity but how exactly does a fuel cell work let's find out.

How does it work?

Hydrogen Fuel Cell

The schematic diagram shows a Hydrogen Fuel cell in which on the left is the Anode and on the right side there is a Cathode, the anode, and the cathode are hollow areas in which gas can be sent inside, this is where the hydrogen gas goes and the oxygen goes into the cathode in between them there is a catalyst and an electrolyte(Proton exchange membrane).

What happens when the system is turned on?

When the system is turned on we get hydrogen in the anode and oxygen in the cathode, now the hydrogen inside the anode wants to go to the other side to meet with oxygen, and then react with it to form water. 

But there is a problem with it, H2 cannot get to the other side because there is something between them the Electrolyte(Proton exchange membrane). The electrolyte is a material that only lets positively charged things get through it. 

Why can't Hydrogen go through electrolytes?

To know the reason behind it we need to go into the depth of hydrogen, A Hydrogen is not positive. A hydrogen atom consists of one proton and one electron one positive particle and one negative particle making the overall particle neutral.

So the hydrogen in our system is neutral and not positive so it cannot go through the electrolyte. However, there is a solution to it which is the Catalyst. Now, what the catalyst does? 

In this case, it does the splitting of electrons from the protons so that electrons of the hydrogen atoms are removed from their protons.

So now we have got a bunch of protons and electrons, protons are also known as h+ which can pass right through the electrolyte because they are positive and they can meet with oxygen on the other side.

Generation of Electricity

But there is a problem, you see these are just protons and not really hydrogen anymore, so they can't react with oxygen and form water. 

To do that the electrons that are still on the other side must be transported over to the cathode first you might have noticed that words I used electrons and transported, and for transporting or moving electrons there is a name for that which is Electricity. 

That's right moving electrons is what we called Electricity, so we can simply connect a wire-like shown in the diagram, and then the electrons can simply able to float right through the wire to the other side, and they will meet up with the protons and can react which oxygen to form water which can leave the system and now what we have obtained is electric current running through a wire which we can then used to power a light, the bulb, a motor.

This is how the power output of the fuel cell is obtained.

Where are these Fuel cells used?

Hydrogen fuel cells are useful in automobile industries. Hydrogen is arguably safer than gasoline, so safety isn't a huge concern for hydrogen.

Advantages

Hydrogen is the most abundant and readily available source of energy. To support zero carbon emissions hydrogen is one of the best alternatives and one of the clean energy.

As it is having the highest calorific value it will be more powerful and more efficient. It is more efficient than many other green energy solutions. 

One of the most important advantages is that it has a fast charging time compared to many other combustion engines.

Drawbacks

Now although the cell is such a clever invention does have some drawbacks, 

First of all, it gets really hot when it is in operation and this can lead to fuel cells potentially damaging can themselves if it is cooled properly.

Another disadvantage of a fuel cell is it is very expensive you can remember that catalyst we talked about that is actually made out of platinum which is of course so very expensive.

Conclusion

So now you know how a Fuel cell works. But keep in mind that Fuel cells are different from battery cells. I hope you enjoyed reading this post.

What do you think will Hydrogen Fuel Cell be the future of electric vehicles?

If you liked this post or topic please do consider commenting with your thoughts and share.

 It all starts with the IBM personal computer, the most advanced computer machine ever created. However, this isn't the story of the computer. But a story about when computers stop working. The man who created a way started all over. The man who invented Control-Alt-Del.

Who created Ctrl-Alt-Del?

He was Dr. David Bradley. Back in 1980, he worked in IBM's personal computer. His particular job was writing basic input outputs in systems. Even with an elite team of engineers and designers, not everything goes smoothly when you build a computer. 

The programs that ran most of the time got failed the only way to reset the system was to turn the power off and wait a while to turn the power back on it would go through a very long self-test but the system might die every 5 to 10 mins.  It was not easy.

Where did Ctrl-Alt-Del come from?

What he needed was away, shortcut to restart the process. One thing that came out after their discussion was to put a Reset Button on it but if a reset button was put on the system board there was a chance that if it could hit by mistake then all the data would get lost.

Many engineers worked on it but could not find a solution. So after many attempts, the solution they came up with was a three-key sequence that would reset to this computer.

And a new coding hits by mistake a single Control key a single Alt key, and then all the way over at the right-hand side a single Delete key when you hit Control-Alt-Delete, You're are deleting everything that you're working out right now, and starting new. 

Wasn't it great at that time to come up with this invention?

When does it get popular?

Even though it was built only as a development tool, programmers began incorporating the features in their applications from there it was released into the while but didn't immediately reach pop culture status for years it was no big deal.

Then suddenly on the 20th anniversary of the IBM PC that's when Ctrl-Alt-Del became a sort of cultural icon the reason behind this was Bill Gates, it was the simplest and easiest way to fix your problem and hit control alt del start all over.

Now, this is very interesting on asking Dr. David about his invention.

Interesting answer by Dr. David

On asking Dr. David about his invention Cnt-Alt-del, he answered that he got a lot of things with IBM but all everybody remembers is CONTROL-ALT-DELETE. But taking the fame of CONTROL-ALt-DELETE means he worked on a very successful Product.

The man did this invention when he was in his 40s and now he is 71.

Things to learn from this invention

Inventing new things from the existing ones was not an easy task at that time. But what we can learn from this invention is that,

There is always a solution to a problem trying to solve may find a way.

There is always a Way you only have to find the Will.

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