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The Engineeringity

 If you imagine how a human being getting thrown out of a car during an accident or imagine a person sitting right back to you in a car becoming a projectile when the car gets collided from the front. This happens after the collision when the car is stopped suddenly, but your body wants to stay in motion and it gets stopped only after colliding with something. This whole concept is based on Newton's First Law of Motion. 

And the same law was observed in the accident case of Cyrus Mistry when he died in a car accident because he became a projectile inside his car. All these people would not have died if they had used the three-point seat belt which was introduced by Volvo during the 1950s and this belt saves 15,000 lives per year. 

Leader of Safety Car: Volvo

In the US alone Volvo invented 3 point seat belt during a time when some manufacturers were busy increasing the speed of vehicles. Some manufacturers were busy increasing the size of the cars and some manufacturers were busy improving the mileage of the car. That's why in the current market Volvo is known for manufacturing safe vehicles like the way, Bugatti is known for its high-speed cars Volvo invented the seat belt. 

But it was not the only reason due to the safety associated with the brand Volvo. Volvo had also introduced Curtain airbags, blindspot detection, door over protection, and many such safety features that have been either invented by Volvo. Volvo was among the first manufacturers which used these safety features in their vehicles. And that's why in the whole world the safety ratings of Volvo have always remained high.

Why Volvo has lost its identity in manufacturing safe vehicles

But today, things have changed because now, Volvo has lost its identity in manufacturing safe vehicles because all these cars have performed exceptionally in the Euro NCAP in the whole world. And only one car from Volvo has been listed in this chart and that too at the 17th position.

Volvo | Safety System Volvo | History of Volvo

This was about a global list but if we talk about India then, the Indian manufacturers have now started performing better in terms of safety standards even the cheapest car of TATA MOTORS has a 4-star Global NCAP rating. This is an outstanding fact that the world is Manufacturing safer cars but in one way or another other due to this, today, Volvo is struggling. In the last 2 decades. This company has been sold twice once it was acquired by Ford. And today it is under a Chinese auto manufacturing company.

Volvo with its Innovations and safety standards became a leader in the world and how after losing its identity, it got trapped in losses under Ford, let's understand this in this article.

History of Volvo Car Company

The story of Volvo starts in the year 1927 when the parent company of Volvo used to manufacture ball bearings and ball bearings were used heavily during World War 1. This company used to bathe in money at that time now, this company wanted to utilize this money correctly and they decided to start an automotive company. The founders Assar Gabrielsson and Gustav Larson Started a car Manufacturing Company whose motive was to save the lives of the people and Volvo started inducing its intention of building safe cars.

How Volvo became the market leader in the world with its safety?

From the very early stage of its origination In the year 1944, Volvo introduced its first passenger car PV444 this car was based on a unibody design. While almost all the cars at that time were based on ladder frame chassis. Volvo did differently from others because the unibody design was safer in comparison to others. But not only this, Volvo started providing safety cages for its first car which was built with high-end stainless steel and not only this PV444 came with a laminated glass windshield. So that the glass pieces do not harm the passenger during any accident Volvo has remained innovative from its very first cars in terms of its safety features. But the biggest innovation done by Volvo Was during the 1950s. When Nils Bohlin, an engineer at Volvo Prepared a design for the three-point seat belt during the 1950s, the Detroit plants used to work on full load in the US. But the manufacturers barely thought about the lives of their users. It can be observed that today, a three-point seat belt is available in every vehicle, as a basic safety feature and it is because Volvo is a good inventor.

Volvo's Seat Belt Patent 

A great brand because even though Volvo had the patented rights to this seat belt Still, Volvo still made this feature free to use for other manufacturers as well. This was the biggest revolutionary invention done by Volvo. But Volvo did many other inventions as well in the safety department. Apart from this safety belt, in the year 1964, Volvo introduced its Rear-facing child seats. In the year 1978, Volvo introduced its Booster seats and in the year 1991, Volvo started providing seat belts in the rear seats of the cars as well. it was made a norm in the cars of Volvo and in the very same year, Volvo also introduced a side impact safety protection system in its cars. This system used to come by default in all Volvo cars After this, in the year 1997, Volvo in its C70 sports car introduced the rollover protection system. This was a system or structure which, at the time of overturn or rollover Saves the passenger from any injury. By either preventing the rollover or protecting the passengers after the rollover exactly a year later, After introducing this safety feature.

In the year 1988, Volvo invented its famous WHIPS, And in the year 1999, It was made compulsory in all Volvo cars WHIPS stands for Whiplash Protection System. This invention helps in the prevention of neck injuries during the occurrence of a sudden accident. Volvo's own traffic accident research team According to them, WHIPS has resulted in a 33% reduction in short-term injuries and a 54% reduction in long-term injuries. With all these safety features which were just mentioned. We can understand that Volvo is a great innovator in terms of safety standards and it was continuously achieving such milestones for safety features.

Volvo Sold to Ford

But the parent company of Volvo AB Volvo, In the year 1999, Sold its car business for $ 6.5 Billion To the Ford Group. The parent company of Volvo, AB Volvo Apart from cars also manufactured Trucks, construction equipment, buses, and industrial engines AB Volvo was doing exceptionally well in all these businesses during the 90s as well, and the car business of AB Volvo was also profitable. But this was said by AB Volvo in the clarification for this If we Analyse the demand of car manufacturers in the future. Then it would be beneficial for Volvo cars that it should get under a bigger auto-manufacturing entity. To get the benefit of subsequent economies and scale.

Volvo scaled exceptionally after getting associated with the Ford Group. In the year 1998, the global sales of Volvo were around 1,03,000 units per year In the year 2008, It increased by three times And became around 3,74,000 per year. Under the Ford Group as well Volvo did not stop its innovations in terms of safety standards In the year 2003, Volvo launched its Blind Spot Information System which is BLIS. In the year 2006, Volvo introduced electronic parking brakes and also introduced Pedestrian Detection with Auto Brake System due to this hard work Volvo Volvo XC 90 is a such car. In the last 20 years since the day it has been launched Since that day, none of the passengers have died in this car.

The Safety Race: How Volvo's Competitors Are Outpacing the Once-Unbeatable Automaker

Why did Ford Group sell Volvo?

All things very going smoothly the sales figures of Volvo increased by three times but still, the Ford Group sold Volvo at a loss of $ 4 Billion In the year 2009, to Geely which is a Chinese company now the question arises, Why the Ford Group did so? This has two big reasons.

First was the drop in profit margins for Volvo.

Second, Volvo had lost its USP in Safety Ford Group placed Volvo as its luxury brand subsidiary.
During 2008, due to the recession, Ford Group sold its all brands in its Premiere Automotive Group Like Jaguar, Land Rover, Aston Martin, and Volvo. We can understand that Volvo always lagged behind the sales figures of the German Trio but what was the underlying reason? 

In the 20th century, People used to buy Volvo cars because of their Safety features even though Volvo is a luxury car brand still, it is not the main attraction for people considering a Volvo car and it was because Volvo used to spend more on providing safety features and not a luxury. The safety department of Volvo was more innovative due to this, Volvo used to lag behind the German Trio in terms of luxury and performance and the Volvo cars were equally expensive as the cars of the German Trio things started changing in the 21st century. Volvo started losing its only USP.

How Volvo Lost Its Edge in Automotive Safety

It is because the safety norms were getting stricter by the governments from around the world due to this, the car manufacturers were bound to provide good safety standards in all their cars and consumers also started demanding safer cars and due to this, cars from every segment started coming up with good safety ratings and for the safety of passengers on roads. People were not bound to buy a Volvo car only and it can be observed today that. Many brands are capable of meeting the safety standards of Volvo and many times the safety ratings of economical cars beat the safety standards of a Volvo car. Even though economical car brands are capable of providing good safety ratings. But there could be another reason behind this as well maybe the organization which is involved in conducting the safety procedures. Do not involve in a strict safety test for the economical cars as done by Volvo itself on its cars because many people do not want to spend heavily for a small safety upgradation due to all these reasons. 

A Chinese company Geely acquired Volvo in the year 2009.  Volvo was running under losses at that time Geely is a cheap car manufacturing company in China and similar to the TATA MOTORS and JLR case, Geely did not have the knowledge of manufacturing luxury cars and that's why Geely only funded Volvo. And allowed Volvo to operate independently this proved to be a correct decision similar to the case of Jaguar and Land Rover.

Volvo Cars in 2023

In the last decade, Volvo has made its cars more appealing in terms of luxury and now the Volvo cars look more appealing in design. A different type of luxurious feel is also provided by Volvo in its interiors. So, the Volvo cars can be well differentiated from other cars and because of all these things Volvo has turned out to be profitable, Volvo is still very small in comparison to the German Trio. But they are doing better now what Volvo is doing today Is not revolutionary at all like it used to do during the 90s. But still, Volvo is engaged in saving something earlier Volvo used to save the lives of the people, and now they are saving the environment. that's why for the past 2-3 years, Volvo is only selling hybrid cars in the coming future, The USP of Volvo would be Electric + Safe + Luxury. This means Volvo is going to completely stop the manufacturing of ICE-based Cars shortly.

In its Premier Automotive Group which also included Land Rover, Aston Martin, and Jaguar Volvo was always in direct competition with the german trio Mercedes Benz, BMW, and Audi. But one thing was very common with Volvo and that was the fact of lagging behind all these brands in terms of sales. Even though the sales figures of Volvo were exceptional but still, it was very less in comparison to the German trio. In the year 2008, Volvo sold 3,50,000 units of its cars in the whole world but in the very same year, BMW sold 12,00,000 units of its cars, and this fact of having competitively very fewer sales figures. Due to this fact, And the fact of Volvo has fewer profit margins. In the year 1988, Volvo cars made a profit of $ 476 Million despite having three times more sales in the year 2008. Volve faced a loss of $ 1.5 Billion in the year 2008 this could be a problem with Volvo because the Ford Group itself was under heavy turbulence at that time.

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 The function of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell stack is used to drive the motor by producing electricity. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are powered by hydrogen. One of the major components in FCEVs is Fuel Cell System (Fuel Stack).

The Fuel cell stack consists of a stack containing up to several hundred fuel cells; it forms the core of the fuel cell system. In each one of these cells arranged in series, a “cold combustion” process takes place that converts the energy from the chemical reaction between the continuously fed hydrogen and airborne oxygen into electricity. This takes place when the hydrogen is catalytically split down into electrons and protons.

Fuel Cell | Components of Fuel Cell | PEMFC | Types of Fuel Cell

Fuel cells have several potential applications, including powering vehicles, providing backup power for homes and businesses, and serving as a source of electricity in remote or off-grid locations. However, they are currently more expensive to produce than traditional fossil fuel-based power sources, and the infrastructure for distributing and storing hydrogen fuel is still under development.

What is Fuel Cell/ Hydrogen Fuel Cell?

A hydrogen fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by converting the chemical energy of hydrogen fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen. Fuel cells are a promising technology for generating electricity because they are relatively efficient, produce very little pollution, and can operate using a variety of fuels, including hydrogen, natural gas, and methanol.

Working of Fuel Cell

In a hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen gas is fed into the anode (negative electrode), where a catalyst causes the hydrogen atoms to split into protons and electrons. The protons pass through an electrolyte membrane to the cathode (positive electrode), while the electrons are forced to take an alternative path through an external circuit, generating an electric current. At the cathode, the protons and electrons are reunited with oxygen from the air to produce water, the only byproduct of the process. The hydrogen fuel cell is a clean, efficient source of power that produces only water as a byproduct, making it a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuel-based energy sources.

How much energy Hydrogen Fuel Cell can produce?

The fuel cell stack is the heart of a fuel cell power system. It generates electricity in the form of direct current (DC) from electrochemical reactions that take place in the fuel cell. A single fuel cell produces less than 1 V, which is insufficient for most applications. Therefore, individual fuel cells are typically combined in series into a fuel cell stack. A typical fuel cell stack may consist of hundreds of fuel cells. Roughly 400 cells can produce 400 - 500 KW of power. The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends upon several factors, such as fuel cell type, cell size, the temperature at which it operates, and the pressure of the gases supplied to the cell.

A typical fuel cell produces a voltage from 0.6 to 0.7 V at a full-rated load. Voltage decreases as current increases, due to several factors such as:

Activation loss

Ohmic loss (voltage drop due to resistance of the cell components and interconnections)

Mass transport loss (depletion of reactants at catalyst sites under high loads, causing rapid loss of voltage).

To deliver the desired amount of energy, the fuel cells can be combined in series to yield higher voltage, and in parallel to allow a higher current to be supplied. Such a design is called a fuel cell stack. The cell surface area can also be increased, to allow higher current from each cell.

Components of Hydrogen Fuel Cell

There are several key components in a fuel cell:

Anode | Cathode | Electrolyte Membrane | Separator | Bipolar Plate

Anode:

The anode is the negatively charged electrode where the fuel is introduced. This is the negative terminal of the fuel cell, where the fuel enters the cell and is oxidized. It is typically made of a porous, conductive material that allows the fuel to flow through it and come into contact with the catalysts.

Cathode:

The cathode is the positively charged electrode where the oxidizing agent is introduced. This is the positive terminal of the fuel cell, where the oxidizing agent (usually oxygen) enters the cell and is reduced. It is made of a porous material that allows the oxidizing agent to flow through it and come into contact with the catalysts.

Electrolyte Membrane:

The electrolyte is a thin layer of material that separates the anode and cathode (fuel and oxidant). It allows protons to pass through, but not electrons. It separates the anode and cathode and helps to prevent direct contact between the fuel and oxidizing agent. This creates an electrical potential difference between the anode and cathode, which drives the chemical reaction that generates electricity. For example, in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), the electrolyte is a proton exchange membrane.

Catalysts:

Catalysts are substances that help to accelerate the chemical reactions that take place at the anode and cathode. They are usually made of precious metals such as platinum or palladium.

Gas diffusion layers:

Gas diffusion layers are porous materials that help to distribute the fuel and oxidizing agent evenly across the surface of the electrodes.

Current collectors:

Current collectors are conductive materials that help to collect the electricity produced by the fuel cell and transmit it to the external circuit.

Bipolar plate:

The bipolar plate is a conductive layer that separates the anode and cathode of the fuel cell. It acts as a conductor, allowing electrons to flow from the anode to the cathode, and it also helps to distribute the fuel and oxidant evenly throughout the cell.

Flow field:

The flow field is a series of channels or grooves etched into the surface of the bipolar plate. It helps to distribute the fuel and oxidant evenly throughout the cell, and it also helps to remove excess heat from the cell.

Cooling system:

Fuel cells generate a lot of heat during operation, so they need a cooling system to keep the temperature within an acceptable range. This is a system that removes heat from the fuel cell to keep it operating at an optimal temperature. This is typically a water-based system, but other materials such as air or a refrigerant can also be used.

Types of Fuel Cell

There are several types of hydrogen fuel cells, including proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs), and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Each type has its own unique characteristics and is suited for different applications.

There are several different types of fuel cells, each with its own unique characteristics and applications. Some of the main types include:

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC):

PEM fuel cells use a proton-conducting polymer membrane as an electrolyte. These cells use a polymer membrane as an electrolyte and are often used in portable and portable power applications, such as in vehicles and portable electronics. These are the most commonly used fuel cells in portable and transportation applications. They operate at relatively low temperatures and use hydrogen as fuel. 

Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs):

Alkaline fuel cells use an aqueous alkaline electrolyte, typically potassium hydroxide, and are known for their high efficiency and long lifespan and are suitable for use in space and military applications. They are often used in large-scale stationary power applications. These fuel cells were some of the first to be developed and are commonly used in space missions due to their high efficiency and ability to operate at low temperatures. They use hydrogen as fuel.

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs):

Molten Carbonate fuel cells use a molten carbonate electrolyte, typically lithium or sodium carbonate. MCFCs use lithium potassium carbonate salt as an electrolyte, and this salt liquefies at high temperatures, allowing for the movement of charge within the cell – in this case, negative carbonate ions. Like SOFCs, MCFCs are capable of converting fossil fuel to a hydrogen-rich gas in the anode, eliminating the need to produce hydrogen externally. The reforming process creates carbon-dioxide emissions. Known for their high efficiency and durability and can operate at high temperatures (around 650°C). 

They are suitable for use in stationary power generation such as in power plants and co-generation systems and have high efficiency. They use hydrogen or natural gas as fuel.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs):

SOFC-type of Fuel cells use a solid oxide electrolyte, typically made of ceramics, and can operate at high temperatures (around 1000°C) and are known for their high efficiency and durability. Similar to proton exchange membrane fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells, they extract electricity from the electrochemical conversion of hydrogen- and oxygen-containing gases, leaving only water as a by-product. Current SAFC systems use hydrogen gas obtained from a range of different fuels, such as industrial-grade propane and diesel. They operate at mid-range temperatures, from 200 to 300 °C. They are suitable for use in stationary power generation and have high efficiency. They can use a variety of fuels, including hydrogen, natural gas, and biofuels.

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs):

Phosphoric Acid fuel cells use liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte and are suitable for use in stationary power generation and co-generation systems. The electrolyte is highly concentrated or pure liquid phosphoric acid (H3PO4) saturated in a silicon carbide matrix (SiC). 

The operating range is about 150 to 210 °C. This high temperature will cause heat and energy loss if the heat is not removed and used properly. This heat can be used to produce steam for air conditioning systems or any other thermal energy-consuming system. Using this heat in cogeneration can enhance the efficiency of phosphoric acid fuel cells from 40 to 50% to about 80%. The electrodes are made of carbon paper coated with a finely dispersed platinum catalyst. They have high efficiency and are relatively easy to maintain. They use hydrogen or natural gas as fuel.

Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs):

DFMC fuel cells use methanol as fuel and are suitable for use in portable power applications. They have a high energy density and are relatively easy to refuel.

Hydrogen Economy: The Importance of Fuel Cells in Sustainable Energy Systems

Hydrogen fuel cells have several potential advantages over traditional energy sources. They are highly efficient, with some fuel cells achieving conversion efficiencies of up to 60%. They also produce zero emissions, making them a clean and environmentally friendly source of power. In addition, hydrogen is an abundant, widely available resource, and fuel cells can use a variety of hydrogen sources, including fossil fuels and renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, or hydroelectric power.

The importance of fuel cells in sustainable energy systems lies in their ability to provide clean, efficient power while reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels. The use of hydrogen as an energy source can help to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving air quality, and reducing dependence on non-renewable resources.

The transportation sector is one area where fuel cells have shown significant promise. Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are already in production, and leading automotive companies are investing heavily in the technology. FCVs have the potential to provide a zero-emission alternative to traditional gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles, with the added benefit of being able to refuel quickly and travel long distances.

In addition to transportation, fuel cells are also being used in stationary power applications, including backup power for critical infrastructure and distributed power generation. Fuel cells can provide reliable power in areas with limited access to traditional power sources, helping to improve energy security and resilience.

The importance of fuel cells in sustainable energy systems cannot be overstated. As the world continues to grapple with the negative impacts of climate change, the use of hydrogen and fuel cells can help to provide a sustainable, reliable, and efficient source of energy. With ongoing research and development, it is expected that fuel cells will play an increasingly significant role in the global transition to a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.

The Economics of Fuel Cells: Cost Analysis and Market Potential

The economics of fuel cells is a critical factor that needs to be considered. In this article, we will explore the cost analysis and market potential of fuel cells.

The cost of fuel cells has been a significant obstacle to their widespread adoption. While the cost of fuel cells has decreased in recent years, they are still relatively expensive compared to traditional energy sources such as fossil fuels. The primary cost drivers for fuel cells include the cost of materials, production processes, and system integration.

In terms of materials, platinum is one of the primary materials used in the production of fuel cells, and its high cost has been a significant factor in the overall cost of fuel cells. Research efforts are currently underway to develop alternative materials that can replace platinum and reduce the cost of fuel cells.

Another significant factor contributing to the cost of fuel cells is the production process. Fuel cells require high-precision manufacturing processes, and this can be time-consuming and expensive. However, as the demand for fuel cells increases, it is expected that economies of scale will bring down the cost of production.

The cost of integrating fuel cell systems into existing infrastructure is also an important consideration. For example, the cost of retrofitting a building with a fuel cell system can be significant, and this can be a significant barrier to adoption.

Despite the high cost, the market potential for fuel cells is significant. The transportation sector, including buses and trucks, is one area where fuel cells have shown promise, and many leading automotive companies are investing in fuel cell technology. Additionally, fuel cells can also be used in stationary power applications, such as powering homes and businesses.

In conclusion, the economics of fuel cells is a critical factor in their widespread adoption. While the cost of fuel cells is still relatively high, ongoing research efforts and economies of scale are expected to bring down the cost of production. As demand for clean and sustainable energy sources continues to grow, fuel cells have the potential to play a significant role in meeting this demand.

Conclusion

However, there are also some challenges to the widespread adoption of hydrogen fuel cells. One major challenge is the cost and availability of hydrogen fuel. Hydrogen must be produced and stored, which can be energy-intensive and expensive. Additionally, hydrogen fuel cells require expensive materials, such as platinum, which can make them expensive to produce.

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