Rudolph Christian Carl Diesel was a German inventor and Mechanical Engineer famous for the invention of the Diesel Engine and his suspicious death at Sea. Diesel was born in Paris France in 1858. He was the second of three children of Elyse and Teodor diesel his parents were Bavarian immigrants living in Paris. Theodore Diesel a bookbinder by trade left his hometown of Augsburg Bavaria in 1848. He saw his wife, a daughter of a Nuremberg merchant in Paris in 1855 and evolved as a leather goods manufacturer there.

Only a few weeks after his birth diesel was given away to vincent's farmer family where he spent his first nine months when he was returned to his family. They moved into flat 49 in the Ruta la Fontaine ROI at the time, the diesel family suffered from financial difficulties thus young Rudolph diesel had to operate his father's workshop and supply leather goods to customers using Ibero. He attended a protest in french school and soon became interested in social questions and technology being a very good student at the age of 12 diesel received the sauce tape or lon struccione la montaire bronze medal and had plans to enter a cold premier superhero in 1870.

At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War the same year his family was forced to leave as were many other Germans. They decided to stay in London where diesel attended an English school before the war stopped regardless diesel's mother sent 12-year-old Rudolph to Augsburg to stay with his aunt and uncle Barbara and Christophe Barnicle to become formal in German and to visit the koniglichi christ cure Betul, where his uncle taught him math at the age of 14.

Rudolf Diesel's interest in engineering

Diesel wrote a note to his parents expressing that he desired to become an engineer. After completing his primary education and being excellent in his class in 1873. He registered at the newly established industrial school of Augsburg two years later he obtained a merit scholarship from the royal bavarian polytechnic of Munich which he accepted against the desires of his parents who would preferably have witnessed him start to work, one of the diesel's professors in Munich was Carl von land diesel was unable to graduate with his class.

In July 1879 because he was suffering from typhoid fever while postponing the next examination date he gained practical engineering experience at the Salzer brother's machine works in Winterthur Switzerland. Diesel graduated in January 1880 with the highest academic honors and returned to Paris where he helped his former Munich professor carl von land with the layout and construction of a modern refrigeration and ice plant diesel became the director of the plant one year later. In 1883 diesel tied the knot with Martha flasch and continued to work for Varl von land achieving multiple patents in Germany and France.

An Engine that can fulfill Carnot cycle efficiency

In early 1890 diesel moved to Berlin with his wife and children Rudolf jr, Hedy, and Eugene to consider management of lin's corporate research and development department and to merge several other corporate boards there as he was not permitted to use the patents he developed while an employee of Linz for his purposes he extended beyond the field of refrigeration. Before that Karl Benz had created the first car by making history. He foremost worked with steam his research into thermal efficiency and fuel efficiency led him to construct a steam engine using ammonia vapor, during tests however the engine blasted and almost killed him.

His research into high compression cylinder pressures experimented with the strength of iron and steel cylinder heads one blasted during a run-in he spent many months in a hospital followed by health and eyesight problems ever since attending lectures of carl von land. Diesel planned to design an internal combustion engine that could cover the maximum theoretical thermal efficiency of the Carnot cycle, he also worked on this idea for several years and in 1892 he considered his theory to be finished the same year diesel was awarded the German patent drp 67207.

Innovation of Diesel Engine

In 1893 he issued a treatise entitled theory and construction of an analytical heat engine to substitute the steam engine and the combustion engines known today that he had been functioning since before 1892, this treat has developed based on his work on the innovation of the diesel engine by summer 1893 diesel had recognized that his initial thesis was incorrect which led him to file another patent application for the updated theory in 1893. Rudolf learned thermodynamics and the hypothetical and functional constraints on fuel efficiency he understood that as much as 90% of the energy left in the fuel is wasted in a steam engine. His work in engine design was operated with the goal of much higher efficiency ratios in his engine. Fuel was injected at the end of the compression stroke and was ignited by the high temperature resulting from the compression from 1893 to 1897 Heinrich von buzz director of manusc in Augsburg permitted Rudolph diesel to test and materialize his ideas.

When did the first diesel Engine Run?

The first successful Diesel Engine ran in 1897 and it has been displayed at the German Technical Museum in Munich. Rudolph Diesel received patents for his design in Germany and different countries including the U.S. he was also inaugurated into the automotive hall of fame in 1978.

The Tragic Death Of Rudolf Diesel

On the nightfall of September 29, 1913, Rudolf diesel boarded the GER Steamer SS Dresden in Antwerp (City in Belgium) on his way to a conference of the compressed diesel manufacturing company in London  He had dinner on board the ship and then headed to his cabinet about 10 p.m departing word to be called the next morning at 6:15 a.m but he was never seen alive again. In the morning his cabin was vacant and his bed had not been slept in although his nightdress was neatly spread down and his watch had been left where it could be seen from the bed. His hat and neatly folded overcoat were found beneath the after-deck railing.

10 days later the crew of the Dutch boat compelled and came upon the carcass of a man floating in the north sea near Norway. The body was in such an advanced state of decomposition that it was unrecognizable and they did not carry it aboard instead the crew retrieved personal items from the clothing of the dead man and returned the body to the sea on the 13th of October. These items were identified by Rudolph's son Eugene diesel as belonging to his father on the 14th of October 1913 it was reported that diesel's body was found at the mouth of the scalp by a boatman but he was forced to throw it overboard because of heavy climate there are different theories to describe diesel's death certain people such as his biographer Grosser and Hans Alcitauer argue that Rudolph diesel committed suicide. Another line of thought suggests that he was murdered, given his refusal to grant the german forces the exclusive rights to use his invention.

Indeed diesel boarded the SS Dresden with the intent of meeting with representatives of the British royal navy to discuss the potential of powering British submarines with diesel engines he never made it ashore. Yet the proof is limited for all explanations and his disappearance and death remain unsolved. Shortly after diesel's disappearance, his wife Martha opened a bag that her husband had given to her just before his ill-fated voyage with hints that it should not be opened until the following week. She discovered 2,00,000 german marks in cash and several economic statements hinting that their bank accounts were almost empty.

In a diary diesel carried with him on the ship for the day, the 29th of September 1913 was sketched possibly predicting death.

When did the Automotive sector adopt Diesel Engine

Development of Diesel Engine

After diesel's death, his engine experienced much development and became a very crucial alternative for the steam piston engine in many applications. The diesel engine required a fattier more powerful structure than a gasoline engine it saw restricted use in aviation. Nevertheless, the diesel engine became across-the-board in many other applications such as stationary engines agricultural machines, off-highway machinery in general submarines, ships, and much later locomotive trucks, and modern automobiles.

The diesel engine has the benefit of running more fuel-efficient than gasoline engines due to much higher compression ratios and longer duration of combustion which means the temperature rises more slowly allowing more heat to be converted to mechanical work diesel was interested in using cold dust or vegetable oil as fuel and in fact, his engine was running on peanut oil. Although these fuels were not immediately popular during the 2008 uprising fuel prices coupled with troubles about oil reserves have led to the more widespread use of vegetable oil and biodiesel the primary fuel used in diesel engines is the eponymous diesel fuel derived from the refinement of crude oil diesel is securer to store than gasoline because its flash point is roughly 175 degrees Fahrenheit higher and it will not burst.

What else did Rudolf Diesel Invent?

One more interesting thing is that Rudolph Diesel’s interests went beyond motors and fuels. He even acquired a patent on a solar-powered air engine, which makes him a more interesting pioneer of energy and technology than we may ever have known, a man before his time. He was also known as the Father of Compression Ignition.

The Automobile Engine will come and then I will assume my life's work is complete.

 The anecdote of Lamborghini takes us to the northern Italian province of Emilia-Romagna in a peaceful township of Renazzo di Cento(A place in Italy). Where poor grape farmers Antonio and Evelina Lamborghini raised their son Ferruccio in their family's vineyards. Young Ferruccio was born a Taurus (“Bull” Sign of astrology) though you'll know why it has a significant impact further. More significantly, he was born in 1916 smack dab in the middle of World War I.

Despite Ferruccio growing up to be hopeful and enterprising like most wretched Italians, during the early 20th century he had to face one crucial decision. He could either stick with his traditional occupation as a farmer or he could try to stay ahead of the curve and risk-taking up factories and industrial work. For Ferruccio however, the option was obvious he was obsessed with applications of machines and could hardly be kept out of his dad's garage. This eventually led him to study mechanics and in 1935 he felt confident enough to start his own workshop. 5 years later, Ferruccio was pulled from his civilian life thanks to World War II.

How did Ferruccio acquire Experience? 

He was recruited by the Royal Italian Air Force in 1940 and was allotted as a mechanic to the Garrison on the Greek island of Rhode. In the span of his duties, Ferruccio acquired valuable experience with scrapping and repurposing old machinery. In 1943 however, after Italy surrendered, a German formation forcibly took over the Garrison and expelled their former allies. 

Ferruccio could have fled but he decided to stay on as a civilian and with the authorization of the Germans, he started operating his own workshop. As much as the Germans loved Ferruccio’s technical mastery, 1945 came around, and with it arrived the Allied forces. They seized everyone in the Garrison prisoner, but after they noticed what Ferruccio could do, they got him to work fixing their vehicles for a year until they sent him home in 1946.

An opportunity turned into an Idea

Upon reaching back to Italy, Ferruccio started another short-lived workshop, but soon behind he was struck by a brilliant idea. His experience with both allied and axis vehicles gave him an advantage over most other mechanics. He knew that post-war Italy would need to increase its agricultural production to heal the damages of war, and where better to get the machinery to do so than from the extensive reserves of military equipment Mussolini's government head commission.

How did Ferruccio established Lamborgini Trattori 

Ferruccio’s ambitious plan was fixed in motion around the end of 1947 when he founded his first company. With just three other mechanics and ₺2000 (lira currency) in initial capital. Ferruccio took the large-scale production of affordable tractors into his hands. His main supplier was an ARAR(Azienda Rilievo Alienazione Residuati), a government-owned company responsible for selling all the extra military equipment left behind in the war. By taking an old British Morris engine and modifying it to run on cheap diesel instead of costly petrol Ferruccio created a groundbreakingly reasonable-priced tractor that could trade all across Italy. This was to be the foremost of his 'Carioca' unveiled on February 3rd, 1948 and Italy went nuts over them.

The design was so successful that Ferruccio started a second company Lamborghini Trattori(Tractor company), where he hired 4 new workers, purchased a factory in Cento(Place in Italy), and borrowed ₺10 million(lira currency), backed by his family's grapes farm to purchase hundreds of Morris, Perkins, and dodge engines from ARAR. He also arranged to enter of prestigious endurance race called Mille Miglia, he drove his rebuilt Flat Topolino, but he collided beside a restaurant and gave up racing for the rest of his entire life. Despite his company doing excellent, by 1950 Trattori had a workforce of 30 people and could produce upwards of 200 tractors per year. Demand was rising rapidly and so in 1951, Ferruccio acquired 1000 M2(Meter square) of land upon which he built a new factory. 

1951 saw the introduction of the L33 tractors whose rage would greatly satisfy the government allowance to farmers who used domestically built machinery. After assigning a deal with Motorenwerken Mannheim for their diesel engines, Lamborghini could now create tractors completely on their own. Ferruccio's new factory produced its first tractor in 1956 and by that point, he could simplify his engine design around three tiers of HorsePower. Ferruccio even traveled across the Atlantic to purchase heating and air conditioning technologies from the US. By the early 1960s, Lamborghini’s tractor factory had 400 employees stirring out as many as 30 tractors a day. Some of their most prominent developments during the time were a series of air-cooled tractor engines and even helicopter concepts though the government never supported them. In 1961 Ferruccio disclosed an independent oil heater factory and by that point, he was so wealthy that he decided to satisfy his love of sports cars.

How Enzo Ferrari's Insult led Ferrucio to create a car that was better than Ferrari

Being a learned mechanic himself, Ferruccio was imperative to any engineering faults he found in any cars he owned. Among them are two Alfa Romeos, two Maseratis, a Jaguar E-type, a Mercedes Benz, and of course several Ferraris. The Ferraris most appealed to Ferruccio whereas he found them to be needlessly noisy and thought they had a scanty interior. He was largely aggravated by the bizarre tendency of the Ferraris to constantly have a clutch breakdown. 

After finally getting unhappy with all these restoration bills Ferruccio took the problematic vehicle directly to Modena, where he personally confronted Enzo Ferrari regarding the clutches. According to Ferruccio, Enzo basically brushed him off and told him to stick to driving tractors. That's not terribly surprising coming from the guy who fired most of his senior staff when they grumbled about his wife but Ferruccio saw it as a challenge.

How was Automobili Lamborghini founded?

He was well familiar with the returns to be had in the grand tourism industry so in 1963 the tractor tycoon launched an automobile factory near Sant’Agata(Place in Italy). Thus, out of the primordial urge to give Enzo a reply. Ferruccio created a car named Automobili Lamborghini. For the brand's logo, he chose a bull, after all, it was his own astrological sign, and also had a deep infatuation with bullfighting. This preferably fearsome creature proved to be a proper representation of Lamborghini’s company as a head through milestone year after year.

Which was the first Lamborghini?

The first functional Lamborghini GT350 was built in 1964 with the support of young engineer Paolo Stanzani. It integrated some extremely amazing technology including a v12 engine, 5-speed transmission, 4-wheel disc brakes, and four-wheel independent suspension. Creating the GT 350 was complicated and its prototype suffered from some serious design flaws that were made very apparent during its streamed entry into the 1963 auto show in Turin. The most considerable issue was the fact that the engine itself would not even accommodate within the car's body panel. Ferruccio’s solution was to seal the compartment with bricks and to keep the cover shut at all times. After all the show was all about glimpsing at cars, not driving them.

In the end, the GT 350 was a technical masterwork and was complimented by critics and customers alike. 1966 got the 400 GT and Miura P 400. The Miura was especially renowned for setting the Rear mid-engine layout as the benchmark for all high-performance cars of the era, a standard that is still beneficial today.  It was initially developed as a street racing vehicle by a team of fierce engineers directed by Marcello Gandini they kept this project mysterious from Ferruccio since he was against creating race cars due to his own racing incident in 1948. When Ferruccio understood the new design, he was fascinated enough not to discard it but he folded down his no-racing policy. 1968 Saudi Espada established itself as one of Lamborghini's most eminent classics along with the Libero 400 GT. The company continued its successful Spot, debuting renowned models like the Countach LP 500, the Urraco P250, and the Jaramaa 480 GTS.

Evolution of Lamborghini from Fall to Rise

Crisis on Lamborghini

The 1970s however would be a problematic time for Lamborghini. In 1970 two years after the abolition of the Bretton Woods system, the global stock market underwent a dramatic crash with the dove erasing nearly half of its value. And the same time OPAEC(Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries) started an oil embargo, which greatly lifted the price of fuel and brought the automotive world into its own emergency. As if all of that wasn't enough Lamborghini Trattori was also hurt when a deal to provide Bolivia with 5000 tractors was canceled after the 1971 coup by Hugo Banzer. Ferruccio did his best to keep his various enterprises alive. He eventually found buyers for the unsold tractors and he also relocated his oil heater factory to Dosso in Nigeria in the end though he was forced to sell shares of Lamborghini to outside investors to outlast his business from bankruptcy. The crisis broke Ferruccio and although he managed to save Lamborghini he retired in the face of across-the-board strikes and unionization that had spread across Italy.

In 1973 he sold the Trattori company to another Italian tractor manufacturer. A year later he sold his remaining 49% stake in Automobili Lamborghini to a Swiss businessman named Rene Leimer. A friend of Rene had previously bought the remaining 51% and together they hope to revive the brand. Despite their tries, they failed, and ultimately, Automobili Lamborghini was forced into liquidation. In 1980 Italian government sold Lamborghini for $3 million to the Mimran brothers to French entrepreneurs who owned immense sugarcane farms and Flour Mills in Africa. The brothers had ambitions to renovate all Lamborghini facilities and form a new team of engineers, but they soon ran over funding and ended up selling the company.

Lamborghini into the hands of Chrysler and then Volkswagen

In 1987, Lamborghini went into the hands of Chrysler who wanted to import the luxury car brand into the United States. Less than 5 years later Lamborghini still hadn't gained profits so Chrysler sold it to Indonesian Conglomerate. The Indonesian actually managed to restore the brand moderately and in 1996 Lamborghini made a modest profit of $120000, As luck would have it in 1998 an economic crisis knocked Asia, and Lamborghini was sold again. 

This time the buyer was Ferdinand Piech of Volkswagen who had bought a Bentley and Bugatti the same year. Under the paternal care of Volkswagen Lamborghini found its structure heavily streamlined. This allowed it to finally regain its place in the luxury sports car market. 

To fulfill the challenges of the 21st century Lamborgini started aggressively marketing its brand name while all the same time funding heavily into material research and development. They have diversified their cars to demand a broader range of budgets even though their most subordinate price is still prohibitively costly to the average. The Pinnacle of victory for the modern Lamborghini is undoubtedly the Gallardo which has throughout its 10-year production runs sold barely over 14,000 units thus evolving Lamborginis’s most popular design ever.

Rise of Lamborgini

2015 marked the most profitable year of the company's history as the sales jumped from over 2500 to 3000 cars. They've already manufactured other heavy hitters such as the Urus SUV concept of the Huracan, inheritor of Gallardo. So far it seems that Lamborghini’s game of corporate hot potato has finally reached an end, at least for the time being. It's safe to articulate that if Ferruccio could witness his company now, he would be satisfied that Lamborghini is once again recreating the red flag to Ferrari’s Bulls.

As the cars will be electric in the coming years, Lamborghini is planning to launch its first-ever electric supercar in the coming year 2027.

 The Ford  Model T was not the first car. Not even close. Depending on how you define what a car is, that honor was achieved hundred years before Henry Ford was even born in 1769 when the French engineer Nicholas Joseph Cugnot created the first steam-powered vehicle design to travel on rail. The owner of the first true automobile goes to Karl Benz founder of Mercedes-Benz in 1885 with a single Piston 2-stroke gasoline-powered vehicle. The art of the automobile was well underdeveloped before Henry Ford hit the scene.

No Ford did not invent the automobile he invented something much more profound. He created modern society. He instituted the modern assembly. That is a massive part but bear with me. His manufacturing techniques did not just revolutionize how he design and build everything. Making complicated machinery like tractors and cars affordable for the masses. His manufacturing techniques entirely changed the trajectories of millions of people's careers.

At the turn of 18-century craft, manufacturing was the high status defined by a highly-skilled workforce. People wishing to pursue a career in Automotive manufacturing entered this career and progressed through an apprenticeship. Picking up a used variety of skills gradually learning the tricks of the trade and being masters of their craft. Many would go on to run their private machine shops. There were fewer employees and more contractors. 

In those times a machine like an automobile was not produced completely in-house. Parts would come from smaller machine shops from all across the city. They used general-purpose tools and machines to create the path needed which would send to the final assembler. The parts would vary massively from batch to batch, requiring a scaled assembling team.

Did Ford's mass manufacturing Affect small machine shop owners?

Workers were required to learn the function of the part they were working on and skillfully manage the parts together into the final vehicle. There was neither mass manufacturing of the complex machines. Each vehicle was one of a kind, commissioned by whoever was prosperous enough to buy it. At this production volume, no company could create a monopoly. There were several small crafts shops across Western Europe and North America but many would soon occur run out of business by Henry Ford before they had the chance to adopt his mass manufacturing technique. 

Only the most high-grade craft manufacturers sustained. Companies like Aston, Martin, and Bentley succeeded by concentrating on the ultra-wealthy that could have to afford this one of the vehicles using skillful craftsmen to develop unique and posh cars, but even they would soon have to join the inclination to survive. All eventually acquired by these mass production powerhouses were no longer able to keep up with the cost of innovation and manufacturing required to keep pace in the automotive industry. At the high point of Model T’s success in 1923, Ford was manufacturing 2.1 million Model T’s a year, a figure that would only be matched by a single-vehicle Model again with a VW Beetle. Many people were shocked by Henry Ford’s success down to its inflexibility in design. The famous quote of Henry Ford is, “you can have any color as long as it is black”. This was true for many years but perhaps not for the reason you think. You see Henry Ford was captivated by manufacturing speeds. The painting process he used, allowed the paint to dry speedily and it was only available in black at the time. He saved time wheresoever possible to achieve that impressive milestone of 2.1 million Model T's a year.

The Model-T was not a coincidence, it was the top of over 20 design iterations over 5 years. Each one tweaked the design and manufacturing procedure to cut seconds off the total process, the innovations resumed through the almost 20 years of production that would see a total of 15 Million Model T manufactured. Ford worked all his life to learn the skills he needed to achieve this goal.

Beginning production for Model T in 1908, the average task cycle of the Model T lasted 514 minutes. The task cycle time is the time before a single task is repeated. So the mediocre worker did not recur the task for 8 and half hours. For Ford, this was essentially how fast a single production line was producing vehicles as an assembly line cannot start a new vehicle until another has existed at the other end. So he set to work on reducing that cycle time and by the year 1913, he managed to bring it down by just 2.3 minutes. For a product this complex consists of hundreds of parts with hundreds of processes that is astounding and were something, no other company had ever accomplished.

How on earth did Ford achieve quantum Leap Forward in manufacturing speed?

Let's first start with innovations that Ford was not responsible for that allowed him to begin this journey. 

One of the causes, that highly skilled workers were essential to this industry before Ford came along was the high variability between parts. In engineering, there is a technical term for it called “Tolerancing”.

For Example, A Design Engineer is needed to specify the tolerances, and need for the specific part feature. Say a shaft is needed to fit a precise hole we need to define how much the machinist is permitted to differ from the listed dimension. If we have a 20 mm hole pared with a 19mm shaft and we specify that both can deviate from the dimension by ± 0.5 mm. Even at the extreme ends of both where both are 19.5 mm wide, they will still fit with some force. This may not be acceptable depending on the application and higher tolerancing may be needed which generally means an increase in cost. 

Engineers regularly screw up with these things even today but during Ford’s days, they consistently succeeded in intolerance that tight and mass manufacturing would have been used task and was generally something saved for military applications and not for low-cost consumer products. This was largely due to the mass manufacturing techniques of the day, specifically heat treatment methods. As we know metals are needed to be heated and cooled in specific ways to strengthen or Harden them, this makes the metal much harder to cut and shape, the metal was often cut first and heated and treated after. This heating and cooling induce the metal to deform due to thermal expansion which can then throw the original piece out of tolerance. This is called warping and it made it nigh on impossible to get a consistent final product.

Many blame Ford for revolutionaries arising the standardization of parts but in truth, “he was simply at the right place at the right time to benefit from Technologies that facilitated him”. New methods for cutting and Stamping pre-hardened metal provided Ford to eliminate much of this variability due to warping. Advancements in Precision measurements and manufacturing allowed Ford to be confident. Parts would be interchangeable and in turn, this allowed him to defend his vehicles in a way that reduced costs. This was the rise of destruction for the craft manufacturing industry and the beginning of a movement that would change the face of modern society.

Competitors of Ford working manually to make an engine block

While his competitors were casting each cylinder of the engine block individually and bolting them together due to the hassle of casting a single part with multiple holes that needed to line up precisely. Forecasting a single complex engine block drastically reduced the time required to manufacture and assemble it. This of course headed to incredibly expensive dedicated machinery needed to manufacture a single piece of the vehicle. In the world of craft manufacturing, a skilled worker could use a general-purpose tool and skillfully use it to produce the final product. 

Inside the world of mass manufacturing, this was not acceptable. It took too long and required skilled workers who were too difficult to replace. For example engine blocks consist of the upper and lower part that needs to be made correctly to maintain a seal for engine compression. Ford’s competitors like Cadillac practiced using a single flexible milling machine to create a flush surface on both the upper and lower half of the engine block. Engine blocks and heads were overloaded and milled slowly and precisely one at a time.

Ford used a milling machine to make engine heads!

Ford instead created a dedicated machine to mill engine blocks and engine heads separately. 15 and 30 at a time respectively. The worker simply snapped the unmilled pieces into a tray while the previous lot was built and then pushed the tray into the place when the time came. A worker could be trained in 5 minutes to do this task. They didn't need to speak the same language as the person next to them they didn't need to think about anything else. Just supply the machine. These people had a single purpose this of course resulted in versatility in design. The cost of starting an entirely new Model vehicle was drastically increased. This is why even today that car brand tends to iterate on old design rather than introduce entirely new models, it's simply too expensive and time-consuming to retrofit entire production lines. When Ford eventually decided to completely redesign the Model T and produce Model A, these machines were thrown out but had achieved his goal cycle time was lowering and there was still scope to improve. Ford managed to half-cycle time from 2.3 minutes to 1.2 minutes with his next innovation.

How was the moving assembly line introduced?

When production first started on the Model T employees worked from stationary work stands if needed a part or tool they would get up and get it themselves. Ford soon recognized the waste and introduced dedicated stock suppliers whose only job was to ensure that other workers had the parts they needed to keep production running at a constant pace. Where possible these employees were replaced with automated supply lines.

This idea grew and involved in the introduction of Ford’s greatest manufacturing innovation “the moving assembly line”, a manufacturing technique still in use today even for huge machines like planes. This method introduces a sense of urgency to the factory floor and even looming deadlines to complete your work before the plane reaches the next production step. If there is a critical problem the entire production line will completely stop until expect.

From where did Ford develop the Assembly Line Idea?

Ford was not the first to introduce such an idea. They had been used in the simple production lines for the butchering of carcasses and food preparation before but never forever, but never for anything this complex and Ford applied it as a science. Used his engineering skills to help find pioneer a new branch of engineering “Industrial engineering” a branch of engineering mostly concerned with optimizing the Logistics of manufacturing.

Idea Migration overseas

The moving assembly line drives all workers to work at the same pace, more lasting workers cant produce items faster than they are needed and more inactive workers can’t slack off. Ford’s innovation launched the Ford motor company to International success but that dominance could not last forever. Companies came from all over the world to observe Ford factories. They wondered how the factory itself was like a finely tuned machine each part feeding into the other. They took their lessons home and by 1955 mass manufacturing had propagated around the world. And forthwith companies outside the US were not just overtaking up the big three of Detroit. Ford, General Motors, and Cadillac surpassed their capabilities far better. 

The most reputable Toyota in the post-world war in Japan led the change in manufacturing through a new manufacturing philosophy “Lean manufacturing”. That would lead to Detroit's eventual demise. Detroit would soon become a phantom town and just as these companies viewed their Machines as disposable they viewed their workers as disposable. Dropping them the moment demand tanked. 

This problem has only gotten worse. Zero Hour contracts and strict control of unions are standard. Ford paid his worker incredibly well for the time but that meant little when the demand dropped and these workers at few Transferable skills to gain new employment. For better or worse Ford’s innovations completely changed the job market for billions of people.

 A few days ago, many things were put forward to promote ethanol production at the national level and huge goals were set up. It has been said that here India is going to grow a lot in the coming few years, but a country like this has benefited from gaining so much weight. And in actuality, the solution to this problem will come out as near or not, let us see about it.

Ethanol is such a chemical that comes with multiple uses, the best thing about this is that it can be made with many simple methods. India becomes a specific example here where our only solution for multiple problems comes in the form of ethanol used. And now we will understand how the whole thing will work the problem inside it, and where we stand at the current level in ethanol generation.

Capital

Firstly discussing the biggest benefit due to ethanol production is the country's foreign resources will be saved on a vast scale. Now India is the third-largest oil importer in the world. Crude oil is very expensive because we have to buy it from the international market, so we have foreign reserves which are kept in dollars using them, someone has to buy them, which can be invested in any other place of the foreign reserve. Be it for other projects or for foreign investment, this will be our own international Expansion. But because all our money is going towards buying oil, due to this, somewhere India needs to reduce its oil dependency so that less money will be spent on it.

But how does Ethanol come out as a solution?

In this situation, ethanol comes out as a solution. Ethanol can be mixed with petrol, which is known as Blended Ethanol, and some part of it can be used as petrol and in later years can be replaced instead ethanol. Although there are different ratios, where the concentration of petrol and ethanol is changed it depends on how much ethanol we have. And at the same time more important is whether the vehicles we drive today will support more ethanol or not. 

Now here’s what the government is deciding by 2023, the petrol we buy today must have 10 to 20% of ethanol in it and the remaining must be petrol. If it is successful, then the 20% of the overall petrol that we import will be reduced which cannot be translated into a smaller amount and the country will have profited a lot.

Need for Flex Engine

Now let's talk about the particular problem, After blending more and more ethanol. Flex engines may be required if an engine is to be worked properly then there is a need for a flex engine. Our ministries have made a lot of requests over the years to several car manufacturers to use flex engines. But the way it happened during Bharat Stage 4 and 5, the same thing is still happening now and manufacturers are not bringing these engines into the market by making various excuses, these engines are not being launched in the market to save their money. 

But now the government has given a clear indication, that very strict action will be taken, and if the flex engine is not made, then the company will face big problems and due to this flex engines will gradually begin to see in the market. And the 10 to 20% target has been kept for ethanol blending, it can increase further, which will lead to more savings.

Less pollution

Second, let's talk about the benefits of ethanol. There is less pollution when ethanol is mixed with petrol and when it is used, then the final output of smoke is much cleaner than the carbon monoxide that can be emitted, carbon dioxide, and other greenhouse gases due to which there is less air pollution, which is obviously a good thing.

Y'all must be thinking if ethanol implies such a good thing then why is it not applied on a wide scale?

The answer is production. We are not able to produce as much ethanol as we need. So for this, major policies work so that the production of ethanol can increase and this leads us to the third point.

Other solutions

Where there will be all other benefits due to the production of ethanol. Many different resources can be used to make ethanol. Basically many raw materials can be used to make it and here sugar cane excess grains etc are made unfit for human consumption, agriculture wastes things that are leftover from farming. Ethanol can be made using these simple things.

One more question will also pop up in your mind, if the edible food, is converted into ethanol then will the country not suffer?

But let me make one thing clear to you: how all the grains like this are agricultural waste areas grains that are never out for consumption. Sugarcane becomes a very important example of this, Sugarcane produced more than what is required in the country. In fact, Every year lakhs and crores of Sugarcanes are thrown away just because it is overproduced is done and if it is sold in the market, then the rate in the market for the rest of the producers also falls down. Because the difference between demand and supply will be reversed and if the supply is worse than the demand, then the rate will fall so much that it will not be able to cover expensively in its production cost, so it saves millions and millions of tonnes of sugarcanes where it can b used for making of ethanol.

Which agricultural crops are used in making Ethanol?

If we talk about grains like Maize, Barley, and Jawahar. If we talk about grains like these, then there is some part in them, which do not fit our human consumption. So it is thrown out either, later it is used as fertilizers or some other sources, but if we use these trash parts of agricultural waste then we can even make more enhanced ethanol later it will be more beneficial. At the same time when agriculture is done, it is harvested, whatever remains after the harvesting like agricultural waste, like dry grass. It is usually burnt or cut and it is always garbage. Using these ingredients ethanol can be produced.

If the production of ethanol is pushed, then all these grains and whatever agricultural items are used can be utilized. Farmers will get money in return for these and industries that want to produce more and more ethanol in the future will get the quality raw material from different sources.

Generation of New Sector

Further, talking about a big benefit that we will get by changing the ethanol production, that is a generation of a whole sector within the country. Till today, not much ethanol is manufactured in our country. But if it gets a further push, in the future there will be a huge scale per employment, development of technology, we can also go for export, many such benefits the country will get. Due to this, it is crucial to focus on the production of ethanol.

Now let's talk about how this can be implemented in the coming time. A few days ago our Honorable Prime Minister announced a new policy, how will it be implemented. Currently like we said that we need more ethanol, and we have to increase the production rate. So before the initial year 2023, a target has been set to mix 20% ethanol in the amount of petrol sold in today's country, and on this, the government is very strict.

Oil PSU's Investing in Ethanol Production

7500 crores of investment have been made to build new-level refineries. We’ll be able to produce a total of 150 crore liters of ethanol yearly from 11 different types of grains. Apart from this, 8000 crore rupees from our oil PSUs like Indian Oil, HP, and Bharat Petroleum companies are rising up and working so that they can build second-generation ethanol production refineries for themselves. Along with its current plans, half of the third-generation ethanol production is also under construction in Haryana, which Indian Oil is making. So this will work for making ethanol.

Now let's talk about what steps India will have to take next. So let's talk about the supply chain, which is our oil PSU, the farmer, the new refinery, and all the units of the government, they will need to coordinate a lot among themselves. For this, some tasks have been done under which things will reach from the farmers' farm to the refineries to the petrol pump again. Research has also been done on the supply chain to be built in some of them, and it will be implemented soon. 

And a pilot project has been started in the name of  eve100, which has been started in Pune. By which the government will try to convert petrol completely into ethanol. And on top of this how the engines will be made and how the whole supply chain how runs it is also going down and if everything goes right then by the year 2025 we can get to see all such things and also we’ll get to see vehicles which will be running on only ethanol whose production can be done with things as discussed earlier.

Where does India stand toward the Production of Ethanol?

If we talk about the situation that India stands in the matter of ethanol, then today there are 5500 such petrol pumps inside the country where ethanol has already been mixed inside the petrol available, but not all the people are aware of it.

So in conclusion, the foreign resources of the country can be saved, the pollution can be reduced, and the sake of the farm and the excess grains can be utilized. Cleaner alternatives should be available to our country and the generation of new sectors, which will lead to employment, jobs, and development in technology.

Keeping these things in view, India may be pushing ethanol so fast. Let's see whether this plan will be successful or not. And India, which currently needs a lot of reforms, in their transportation sector, whether due to this will it be fully transformed or not.

 In the earlier decade, Elon Musk amazed the world with his futuristic imagination and projects. From lancing rockets into space to proposing monorail transport systems and Hyperloop. He is a visionary who has changed the way we look at technology and sparked a craze about the future. However, there is one such obstacle that he has yet to overcome and they are the batteries they are very predicament stopping Musk from raising the Tesla vehicles to the next level. 

However, he recently shared that Tesla is working on a revolutionary 4680 battery that is going to transform the entire electronic vehicle industry. In today's composition, we are going to explore Tesla’s new 4680 battery and see whether is it as advanced as it is meant to be.

The lithium-ion battery that powers most consumer electronics in today's society was first introduced by British chemists in the 1970s. But it was not until later in 1985 be exact, that a man named Akira Yoshino developed the first functioning lithium-ion battery prototype, and in 1991 scientists working for Sony created the first commercially viable lithium-ion battery. So what makes this lithium-ion battery special, is that it's better than any other type of battery that was used before.

First Rechargeable Battery

For example, the first rechargeable lead-acid batteries were created in 1859 ten times larger require three times longer charging time, and had 5 times smaller power density than Lithium-ion batteries. So it's of no surprise that lithium-ion batteries overhauled the world in an instant. However despite being way better than any other type of battery previously used Lithium-ion batteries still have their drawbacks and lag behind virtually every other electronic component today.

What did Elon Musk reveal on Battery Day?

Batteries are the reasons why our technology is not evolving as fast as it could push top scientists and engineers are yet to find a way to restore more energy in smaller spaces. But Elon Musk has recently revealed some of the details of its new 4680 battery which could cause a battery revolution and completely change our world as we know it. Ever since 2013 Tesla has had Battery Day events where they reveal their latest progress in the field of batteries it is one of the biggest days for Tesla enthusiast boys as they know that batteries are holding back the process of EVs.

This time Elon Musk revealed Tesla's new 4680 structure of the battery and placed it for advanced properties. It’s different from the current Panasonic 2170 Lithium Cobalt acid battery not only in properties but also in the very much in the structure of the battery. 

The new 4680 battery will be tabless, expecting that it reduces the electrical path consequently minimizing the resistance and reducing the heat. Additionally rejecting the former design involving tabs makes these batteries easier to produce as now it's essentially a one-piece battery instead of having multiple tabs which are used to cause manufacturing problems. Finally, the new Tesla 4680 battery won’t contain cobalt like the previous batteries. 

Cobalt is a big component of batteries, but its disadvantage is that it's toxic to humans. The less hazardous material used in a car is better and Cobalt was substituted with high nickel cathodes which result in even better performance. These reforms essentially allowed Tesla to fit more power in the lesser space. Just visualize Model 3. The long-range battery pack holds 44162170 battery cells while the same job would be fulfilled with only 960 new 4680 cells. The fewer singular parts a car requires, the simpler is it to manufacture and the cheaper it becomes.

Charging Speed

Now that we know about the new trend of this battery design we should talk about how it's going to affect us the consumers. For beginners, it's going to be 6 times more effective than its antecedents and hold fight time more energy. The new 4680 battery cell is also double the current 2170 but it's going to be way more efficient and result in more range for battery space. Subsequently, due to its innovative tabless structure, its charging times will be insanely fast. It's estimated that charging the new Tesla Model 3 with a 4680 battery pack from 10 to 80% will take just 15 minutes. 

Compared to the 25 minutes it currently takes. In case you are running to charge the new battery pack from 0 to 50%, it's going to take just 7 minutes which is almost equivalent to a gas. The new 4680 battery is not only better in Pretty much every way imaginable but it's also expected to be 50% cheaper than the current batteries. Not only it's simpler to make but it's also going to be 30 to 40% less Steel which is one of the most precious components in batteries. 

Eventually, the new battery is more environmentally friendly than its previous matches. It requires less water to make and is less dangerous to the environment resulting in Tesla EVs being greener than they previously were. It's assumed to be used in the latest Tesla Model 3 which is expected to come out in 2022 and the Tesla semi which is a new generation of trucks that's been already settled for three years and currently is prepared to roll out in 2022. 

However, it's important to point out that while the prototypes of Tesla’s new 4680 batteries are operating the entire job is not yet completed. As the Q2 financial report in 2021 proclaimed they have successfully verified the performance and lifetime of 4680 cells generated at our Kato facility in California while extraordinary progress has been made they still are progressing and can achieve volume production.

Internal crash trial of our structural pack architecture with single-piece front equipment has been successful. We all know that Tesla is no stranger to manufacturing delays. Nearly every Tesla vehicle is delayed and it’s enraging enthusiasts. However, Elon Musk has been working on it for almost a decade trying to find a way to speed up the manufacturing process. It's shown by the Giga factory in Berlin which was unveiled in 2019 and was planned to be inaugurated in the summer of 2021, Wistfully it was limited, and then now its launch date has been shifted back to the end of 2021.

Production of 4680 Batteries

The company assumes to manufacture up to 100 Gw/hrs in batteries per year guaranteeing that Tesla can feel the huge demand for new car models. By 2030 Tesla presumes to have several more numerous Giga factories producing the new 4680 batteries and hold Battery protection of up to 3 TeraWatts per hour per year fixing its position as the Global EV leader. We are yet to see whether Elon Musk will succeed in satisfying his commitments even if he does it's going to be Revolutionary also the whole electric vehicle industry.

 Tata the industrial conglomerate that predominates at the heart of India's resolution in the Global Business stage. For nearly two eras the TATA Group has built multiple industries in India and remains a market leader in most of them. You probably must have heard about the Tata Motors car division but you will soon discover that their reach extends notably exceeding that one subsidiary.

We'll see how 3 generations of TATA businessmen have established one of India's most successful companies.

History before the beginning of Tata

The tale of Tata starts during the reign of the British Empire. India was a huge exporter of cotton back then, but the brutal regimen of the British East India Company left little room for local entrepreneurs to develop. 

The poor treatment by the British eventually resulted in a revolt against them in 1857 which ended the power of the British East India Company and replaced it with the British Raj. Now compared to its ruthless predecessor the Raj was much more focused on keeping the peace. The Raj didn't exploit the Indian population quite as harshly and it also invested a lot of money for example in building India's first Railway. 

Jamsetji Tata Era

Of course, at the end of the day, the British Raj was still an oppressive colonial power but at least it finally gave the local population the economic opportunity to develop themselves. Because India was an exporting land the first Indian entrepreneurs came from exactly that sector and one of them was Jamsetji Tata. He was the son of an exporter in Bombay(Mumbai) and he graduated in 1858 it was the precise opportunity to take benefit of the economic reformations of the British Raj.

Because his father's export business was developing in 1859 Jamsetji Tata went to Hong Kong to develop a subsidiary there and upon seeing the share scale of British trade there, he realizes that the Tata export business must truly have Global potential. Over the next decade, he could visit Japan, China, and Great Britain building a network of distribution for his father's business.

Who Started Tata Industries?

Jamsetji Tata ultimately formed his own exporting business in 1858 and using the money he started manufacturing textile mills (Empress Mills in Nagpur in 1874) of his own effectively conceiving a vertically combined business.

When did Jamsetji Tata Start?

From the very start, Jamsetji Tata's perspective was to find the best practices used across the world and bring them to India. In his textile mills, he introduced policies that were practically unknown to most of India like granting sickness perks and pensions to his employees. But Jamsetji wasn't satisfied with just the textile industries, he witnessed wonders in Industrial Revolution that had been created in Europe and he aspired to recreate them back home.

He commenced working on the Steel production plant in 1901, modeled after the one seen in Germany(Krupp Steel). Even more ambitious was his Hydroelectric plant motivated by his visit to the Niagara Falls power plant in 1903(Edward Dean Adams Power Plant).

Tata's Identified Power of Tourism

Jamsetji realized the incredible power of tourism and so he also created a chain of hotels starting with the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel which even today is one of the most recognizable buildings in Mumbai. 

Jamsetji Tata was truly a man devoted to business and also helped people through it he valued education to a certain point he donated lands and buildings towards the making of the Indian Institute of Science, the renowned University of India.

Who Owns Tata Group?

However, Jamsetji Tata didn't live to see most of his project complete because he died on a business trip in Germany in 1904, leaving the already sizable Tata Company to his two sons.

Sir Dorabji Tata Trust in 1932. 

Sir Ratanji Tata Trust in 1918.

Together they solidified their ownership into a single holding company which in turn is owned by the Charitable Trust they planned for future generations. They had a great vision of the Future.

Future generations of Tatas

Jamsetji Tata's sons fulfilled many of his ambitions they oversaw the creation of India's first Steelworks in 1907, India's first cement plant in 1912, and the first indigenous insurance company in 1919. By the time the leadership mantle passed onto the next generation in 1938 Tata Sons was comprised of 14 different companies. Wherein that Power was established in 1910 and Tat Oil Mills in 1917.

This time however instead of going to one of Jamsetji's grandsons, leadership rather went into the hands of a distant cousin with a profoundly interesting background. 

Jehangir Tata Era (J.R.D Tata)

Jehangir Ratanji Tata better known as J.R.D Tata has been in the company since 1925 but he had been raised in France and was a dear friend(Louis Bleriot) to the gentleman who made the first flight across the English Channel (The flight happened in 1909).

In other words, J.R.D Tata was a passionate Aviator, and in 1929 he obtained India's first pilot license so unsurprisingly his first big project at Tata was to develop an Airline.

How did Tata Airlines begin?

J.R.D Tata was the founder of Tata Airlines. In 1932 Jehangir Tata (J.R.D) developed the Tata Air Service which first only transported mail but then in 1938 started arranging passenger flights as well even helping out the British in the II World War. Now you would think that India's independence in 1947 has been beneficial to Tata. But in actuality, the socialist policies formed by the latest government were in favor of individual companies. 

India's first Prime Minister (Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru) noticed just how successful JRD has been with his airline and in 1953 unilaterally PM decided to Nationalize. He kept JRD as Airlines’s chairman until 1977 and you can visualize how the company only went downhill from there, sinking into ever-increasing debts.

How did Tata motors Start?

Of course, JRD would not allow politics to get in the way of their Profession and so he did his best to grow Tata while evading the rage of the socialist. JRD created Tata Motors in 1945 originally with the idea of building locomotives but in 1954 he diverged out into commercial vehicles through a partnership with the German car automaker Daimler. 

Over 52 years of leadership JRD grew the TATA Group from 14 companies to 95 companies but to do that he had dramatically reduced the ownership of Tata Sons owned in each one to satisfy the socialist.

In 1969 the Indian government introduced the "Monopolies and Limiting Trade Practices" Act that intimated essentially targeted Tata even though they were very far from a monopoly by Western standards. But as JRD extended the group and reduced its ownership in the individual subsidiaries he started losing control of Tata.

Sir Ratan Tata Era

Some of his companies weren't performing well and the gentleman who was sent to fix them was none other than Ratan Tata. He is one of Jamsetji's great-grandchildren and he entered the TATA Group in 1962. His first major project came in 1971 and it was pretty much challenging.

Ratan Tata was given charge of one struggling TATA company known as Nelco(National radio and electronics company) which in 1950 was India's biggest producer of radios but just 20 years later it had fallen to 3% market share. Ratan's focus was on technology and the future so instead of trying to retrieve the radio instead funded the development of new products like satellite communication which reclaimed NELCO in 1980 and made Ratan the clear successor of J.R.D Tata.

Foreign companies were allowed to invest in India

Ratan Tata claimed leadership of Tata Group in 1991, right as a waiver of economic liberalization swept across India. The socialists lost power and India finally joined the Global capital market but this presented a big threat to Tata. Up until now, it had operated in a very protected economy that was suddenly opened to competition from foreign companies. Worse yet, if JRD had let Tata become extremely decentralized it would be very slow to adapt to a new competitor.

Getting back the ownership of Tata subsidiaries

Ratan Tata had no choice but to re-establish ownership over all the TATA subsidiaries and that didn't come cheap at all. He sold 20% of TATA Sons the holding company and used that money to buy shares in the Tata subsidiaries especially Tata Steel and Tata Motors.

He then arranged all the hundred subsidiaries in 7 sectors establishing a framework along with which he could actually control them. But just building power isn't enough to turn around a struggling business and in 1990 pretty much every TATA company was losing ground to international competitors. Sir Ratan Tata's answer however was brilliant he started acquiring foreign competition and occupying them into the TATA Group effectively buying all their talent and supply chains and experience to grow his business back home in India while also growing globally.

Ratan Tata's purchasing frolic begin in the year 2000 when his beverage company Tata Tea acquired the Tetley company from Great Britain. Over the next decade, Ratan ended up acquiring hundreds of companies for pretty much every subsidiary in the TATA Group. Most notably he purchased the European Steel Titan Corus for $12 billion in 2007 and then Jaguar Land Rover for $2 billion in 2008. 

As you can just figure out the international buying spree has been paying profits for Tata and today the majority of their revenues actually come from outside of India. What's even more impressive is that the majority of Tata subsidiaries are actually public companies whose shares can be purchased on the stock market in India.

Obtaining Air India Back to Tata

Sir Ratan Tata welcomed  Air India back in Tata on 6th October 2021 from Government. Due to Intensive losses at Air India Airline, it was bided by Government and Tata won the bid and bought it. Tata Airlines which was once given to the Government by JRD Tata was obtained this year in 2021 after the decision of the CEO of Tata Group Natarajan Chandrasekaran. Today Tata has 3 Airlines under its management Air Asia, Vistara, and Air India.

Tata will be the title sponsor for IPL 2022

Tata Group will replace Chinese mobile manufacturer VIVO as the IPL title sponsor from the forthcoming season. IPL Chairman Brijesh Patel stated Vivo had initially signed an Rs.2,200 crore deal for IPL title sponsorship rights from 2018 to 2022. However, it backed out as the title sponsor for IPL 2020 before returning in 2021. Vivo's contract was then extended till 2023. IPL will now be known as TATA IPL. Tata has replaced Vivo as the Title Sponsor. 

 On 9 September Ford declared that the company is reconstructing and following this the production of every Ford vehicle which is consumed in India will be shut down with immediate effect and the production of vehicles that are exported from India would continue till 2022 only.

Ford India said that “we have tried each and every way whether it be finding a partner or reseller or doing a collaboration”. But nothing worked so they had to exit. They said that now it is unfeasible to do business here. In the past 10 years, they have faced a loss of 2 billion dollars, and also due to the pandemic and the hit which they faced in the demand, Ford is completely unable to recover from it and that's why they have to shut down the operation of manufacturing from India.

Country of Origin

Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational Auto manufacturer established in Detroit, Michigan, United States. It was established by Henry Ford in 1903.

Is it only Ford who is exiting India?

Now people who own Ford vehicles should not worry because ford has made arrangements for them also. They will be provided with servicing and all. But the exit of ford is not only the exit. This trend is trending for the past few years. In August 2021 SsangYong announced that the partnership they had with Mahindra and Mahindra worked with only one car and they too are existing or pulling off. Before this, in December 2020 General Motors also made such a statement that after operating for the past 13 years due to low sales and increment in losses they are shutting down. 

And also before it, in September 2020 Harley Davidson made a switch statement and in February 2019 Fiat also said that just seven years after entering the market their planning to go out so if ford is not alone in exiting then this is a concerning situation for India.

So it is very important to know why it is happening?

Now if we discuss domestic cars. Cars which we use if we observe their market shares then Hyundai, Maruti Suzuki, Mahindra and Mahindra, and Tata these four manufacturers have controlled the whole lion's shares of the Indian market and this is the main reason which foreign companies don't get space in the market and the overall growth rate of the market is around 2 to 3 percent CAGR (Compounded Annual Growth Rate). If you look at the past few years market is growing at this growth rate only. It means the market is not proliferating but the market is already consolidated and controlled by 3 to 4 players only have controlled the whole market.

Requirement of Market

Unique market demand is needed if we look at Ford, General Motors, etc are foreign companies. And the type of cars requiring the countries of their origin is totally different from those required here in India. Neither the segment nor size of the car is in the foreign countries have demand here. Nor do people have money and access to roads that are needed for those cars. 

So as a result the type of car required here is of low price segment, cars which require a low cost of ownership. Those cars are not available to these foreign companies, these cars are available at Hyundai, Maruti Suzuki, and Tata. That is the reason why their cars are selling a lot and the cars of foreign companies have no buyers. 

Even if foreign companies try to sell cars of this segment by doing some cut corners or lowering the prices so their Global reputation and global brand value have to preserve if, by cutting corners try to manufacture a car that may be less safe or a car of a segment which is available nowhere so they're in the fear of decrement in their brand value and image in the global market. 

And this fear keeps them away from introducing such types of cars and this is a big reason why they are not able to meet the requirements of the people here and the cars which they are offering have no demand and that's why they are not able to grow their market.

High Taxes on Cars

The next thing is high taxes as already discussed above sale is not increasing even though CAGR growth is not increasing and taxes here are 40 to 50 percent and this is not only for petrol-based or diesel-based vehicles because many people think that taxation is only for petrol-based or diesel-based vehicles and it won't be for electric vehicles. 

Elon Musk once said that "first reduce the taxes then only we will be able to launch our cars". Officials from Audi said that the sale in India is only 1% of the whole Global sales. But its revenue is 10% because the majority portion is spent on taxes. 50% to 60% of the car value goes into taxes. And due to these huge taxes, the price of a car in the Indian market is 1.5 to 2 times the price in the market US or Europe. 

So neither the company can explain the cost nor Indian people can afford the car. This is a big reason why foreign companies even try to sell the car in India by importing from other countries too to seems nearly impossible.

Shared Automotive Services

The next reason is maybe people don't want to buy cars. This is a very interesting concept which is called shared mobility. The brand which offers cars for rent comes under this category. The brands which offer taxicab services come under the category of Ola, Uber, etc. The brands which you wish to work on the subscription model come under this category refers that the demand for this concept will increase in the future. 

First, off you buy a car and drive it only 2 days a month it is better to use the concept of shared mobility take a car on a subscription for the period it is required, and then return. Nowadays working on subscription models has increased. For example, Adobe Premiere Pro where people edit videos is also a subscription that people buy, and Youtube premium where people watch videos. These subscription-based products have also entered the market of cars, by which the requirement of 10 people will be satisfied with one car.

So the overall sales of cars will decrease, as earlier 10 cars were sold and now only one. So a dent is made in the sales that maybe people don't want to buy a car. So this trend is emerging in the market. This is very important to look at why the automobile sector is declining.

The Electric Vehicle Revolution

The subsequent case is associated with electric vehicles. India 2017 respected Union Minister Shri. Nitin Gadkari said that 250 million vehicles that exist currently running within India, especially cars will be transformed into electric cars by the end of the year 2030 this dream that gets fulfilled is not mandatory. This seems to be a very huge target. This may get delayed by 10 to 15 years also, but hopefully, this would happen. 

Nowadays people are shifting to electric vehicles as people get subsidies, taxes are reduced and rebates are given to various state governments or promoting this and within 10 to 15 years a market worth 200 billion related to electric vehicles will stand in India. And if you look at the foreign company's cars, India is also slightly turning towards electric vehicles. 

But at present, all the cars run either petrol-based or diesel-based. Any car which is priced below 10 lacs and comes under the segment of electric vehicle has no existence. None of the electric cars available at present is value for money and we don't have a charging infrastructure. But the companies will soon shift from petrol and diesel and move out towards EV. 

Future of EV

The companies which will soon launch electric vehicles understand the demand of the market in will make appropriate changes those companies in the coming years will succeed. So the companies which are working on past strategies will face challenges while running their business. So these were some of the thoughts on why foreign companies like Ford are exiting. In the coming 10 to 15 years, what changes in the automobile sector in India will be facing also which exciting development can happen.

Conclusion

Other automobile companies such as Tata, Hyundai, and Maruti Suzuki have captured the Indian automobile market because they know what Indian Consumers want. It is just like the example of Amazon Prime and Netflix where Netflix hasn't really understood what the Indian audience wants while Prime is releasing really good shows such as Mirzapur and Family Man which satisfy the Indian audience's taste.

 Plastics are inexpensive and durable as a result levels of plastic production by humans are high. However the chemical structure of most plastics renders them too resistant to many natural processes of degradation and as a result, they are slow to degrade together these two factors have led to a high prominence of plastic pollution in the environment millions of animals are killed by plastic every year. But there are many ways we can reduce plastic pollution by converting waste plastic into a helpful resource.

Chemical Conversion of Plastic Waste into Fuel

We are going to see how plastic is turned into fuel. Imagine a world where a Gigantic of plastic waste can be converted into useful resources again and used for other purposes. Chemical recycling is an attractive way to reduce the explosive growth of plastic waste and disposal problems. We know plastic is just crude oil that has been proposed in different ways and with pyrolysis we can reverse this process.

What is Plastic Pyrolysis?

Plastic pyrolysis is a very effective process where plastic is exposed to high temperatures in an oxygen-free environment. Pyro means heat and lysis means breakdown at any given temperature the molecule is in the vibrating stage this is called molecular vibration.

The frequency at which molecules vibrates is directly proportional to the temperature of molecules during pyrolysis the molecules are subjected to very high temperatures leading to very high molecular vibrations at this high molecular vibration every molecule in the object is stretched and shaken to such an extent that molecules start breaking down into smaller molecules this is Pyrolysis. 

Plastic is hard to break down, and we must add a catalyst to help break the chemical bonds. A Catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not consumed by the reaction and mostly Fly ashes obtained from coal combustion or zeolite etc is used as the catalyst. 

Finally, waste plastic is converted into approximately 80% oil 15% gas, and 5% carbon black or Ash. Let's have a look into how plastic is actually converted into a useful resource there are many steps involved in the plastic pyrolysis process but we are simply going to see 5 simple steps.

Process of Plastic Pyrolysis

Waste plastic to pretreatment process, spreader, pyrolysis, condensation, and refining. Waste plastic is first sent into a pretreatment process that removes any foreign matter and then sent into a plastic shredder is a machine used to cut the plastic into smaller pieces the smaller pieces of plastic are then sent into a densifier that comprises the smaller plastic pieces into a dense material to facilitate easy and storage or handling then they are sent into what chamber where the pyrolysis of plastic takes place. 

The plastic is heated approve 450-degree centigrade in the presence of the catalyst and in the absence of oxygen. The plastic is slowly melted and converted into a gas-gaseous state then the gas is sent into a condenser then the condensation takes place. 

Condensation means the conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid then it is sent into an oil refinery chamber. Finally, plastic waste is refined into approximately 80% oil 15% cash 5% carbon black, or Ash. This oil is used as heating material and sold to cement glass-ceramic electric power factories, etc. 

And also used in heavy oil generators for electricity generation and it is a deep process into diesel oil with a distillation plant the final oil can be used in truck tractors and many more. 15% gas is recycled into the furnace to heat the reactor instead of using coal, wood, oil, etc and the remaining carbon black is used as slag for construction and also used as a replacement for coal.

Some drawbacks and advantages of plastic pyrolysis

Drawbacks

Pyrolysis is an energy-consuming process more energy has to be put in to treat the waste that can actually be recovered pyrolysis of plastic can never be sustainable etc.

Advantages of plastic pyrolysis

It reduces the waste going into landfills and greenhouse gases and reduces the risk of water pollution it creates new jobs for lower-income people based on the quantity of waste generated in the region and extra which in town provides public health benefits through waste cleanup and extra and this is how waste plastic is turned into a usable resource by using waste pyrolysis.

 Long back ago in 1921 a sharecrop in Rigby Idaho a Mormon family the Farnsworth’s recently moved in. Teenage son Philo was expected to follow in his father's footsteps and become a farmer but he has other ideas.

Philo Farnsworth grows up at a time when you have these great lone inventors who were conquering the world at Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell and they become his heroes it was filled with nervous energy and he was always tinkering and trying to invent things and chance discovery in the farm attic is about to change his life.

Radio

A collection of books and magazines dedicated to scientific advancements like radio the Miracle of sound transported through the air. The radio was very popular back then it was just a brand new adventure finally we are sending through the air but Philo’s books also talked about the next great challenge a new type of radio that can beam pictures as well as sounds many great inventors tried and failed but on this farm in Idaho Philo is about to see a way of making it happen. 

The Idea of Moving pictures

Philo had a two-horse team and the disc carl’s behind him as he’s plowing he finishes and looks behind and that's when it seems that there are lines across the field. Philo sees something in the lines of Earth, the possibility of slicing an image into two parallel rows and the point of light scanning the Rows line by line if it moves faster it could make pictures even moving pictures.

But how can one trick the speed of light to create a picture? In Britain, a Scottish inventor thinks he has the answer his name was John Logie Baird. His solution was a mechanical spinning disc pierced with a sequence of holes each below the next. Beams of light pass through the hole and the lens focuses them on a subject in a darkened room. The light reflecting from the subject is received by photocells which translate it into electrical current transmitted by radio waves a radio receiver turns waves back into electrical current and Feeds it to a Neon lamp a second disk spinning at precisely the same speed then projects the light reassembling the image.

Logi Bairds mechanical TV was elegantly simple it produced fairly crude pictures it was a brilliant invention but wasn’t practically implemented on a large scale. The mechanical disc made the sets too large and they move too slowly to create a sharp image. But Philo thinks he found a better solution in the pages of scientific journals, electrons subatomic so small they can move back and forth tens of thousands of times per second if he can find a way to control them. He realized and understood that electrons would be faster enough to do it one line at a time and that the human eye would see as one picture.

Explaining the Idea of how T.V. could run

He was desperate to tell someone about this idea so one day he sketches it out for his science teacher. Mr.Tollman shows what Philo calls an image dissector. Light enters through a lens it’s converted into electrons which pass through a vacuum and then it turned into electronic signals that can be beamed out wide like a radio signal but this signal recreates the original image. 

Line by line it was the world's first electronic TV camera and his teacher was blown away he couldn't believe that a 14-year-old could conceive these ideas and not alone understand them. Tollman looked at it and said it just might work and that was really all encouragement he needed. 

Philo Farnsworth holds the key to one of the most valuable inventions of the 20th century and it's about to make him a target for jealous arrivals determined to steal his ideas.