The world we see today is changing day by day and the use of science and technology gadgets and appliances is increasing in our day-to-day life. How is this possible? For example, the typewriter to the digital wireless keyboard, from the Rotary dial telephone to video calls in smartphones, from the beginning of computers to laptops and tablets, from the world's first car to a fully automatic driverless car. All these changes are possible due to Research and Development (R&D)which is also an important reason for the Industrial Revolution.

What is the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution is a stage of history that goes from the mid-1700s to the 1840s and began in England almost entire mankind's life had been based on agriculture in the 18th century.

The term Industrial Revolution was first used by European scholars George Michelin and Fredrich Angles in Germany. 

When did the Industrial Revolution start?

The period from the mid-1700s to 1840 was the Industrial Revolution because of all the technological advances made. A huge number of inventions during these 150 years completely changed the way people lived and worked. There were mainly two different Revolutionary periods called the First and Second Industrial Revolutions.

Journey of the Industrial Revolution

You will learn about the recent inventions and transformations of technology from the manufacturing industry to the IT industry.

Industrial Revolution 1.0

The period of the first Industrial Revolution has been from 1760 to 1850. The Industrial Revolution started in Britain at that time. Technology and innovations were of British origin by the 18 century, Britain had become the leading commercial nation of the world rooftop development of trade and business through the activities of the East India Company was one of the major reasons behind the industrial revolution. 

The first Industrial Revolution is also known as the Mechanization of Industries. Handmade products started to be used to use machines.

The first use of machines started in the textile industry. The manufacturing process leads to a new transformation from the beginning of the first industrial revolution. 

This transformation included increasing the number of machines from hand production methods, new chemical manufacturing iron production, process steam power, water power, and manufacturing new machine tools. Talking about some important inventions during the first industrial revolution.

Inventions during the 1st Industrial Revolution:

It started in England with the three major inventions

The Second Industrial Revolution began around 1860 to 1914. Which was a period of rapid standardization and industrialization. Talking about Industry 2.0 most of the ideas and inventions of Industry 1.0 have been applied to develop and use new technology.

The Second Industrial Revolution is also known as Electrification.

Inventions during the 2nd Industrial Revolution:

• Instead of water and stream-based machines, the use of electrical machines started increasing which was low cost and efficient.

• Another big area of improvement was the harnessing of electricity which gave rise to electric bulbs, electric lights, electric signals, telephones, and typewriters.

• Knuckle couplers are used to join the train coaches.

• The steam turbine was also an important invention developed by Sir Charles Parson in 1884 connecting the dynamo to generate 7.5 of electricity.

• During this time automobile industry was born when Karl Benz invented the world's first automobile car in 1885.

Industrial Revolution 3.0

The third Industrial Revolution started in the 20th century. 

The third Industrial Revolution is also called as Digital revolution.

Inventions during the 3rd Industrial Revolution:

There were many inventions during this Revolution that gave birth to a new era.

• It included computers cell phones, internet-integrated chips IC, microprocessors, etc.

• During this revolution (PLC) Programmable Logic controller was a historical invention built in the 1960s to set up Electronics and programs to automate and manually operate machines.

• The biggest example of this is the NC numerical control machine in which machine tools were automated which is known as the CNC machine

• In 1952 by collaborating with Richard Kegg (MIT) the world's first CNC milling machine was invented.

• The Internet was invented by the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), in 1969 by sending the first message via the Internet.

• Subsequently, Tim Berners-lee invented the World Wide Web (www)wherein 1989.

 Flying a drone is great fun you can take off, you can hover(float) it turn on any axis you want. But have you ever thought about how the flight dynamics of the drone actually work? 

If you ever found yourself wondering how drones or quadcopters fly, then you are in the right place.

Drones use BLDC (Brushless) motors which are outrunners types, the propeller blades are attached to the cover of the motor. They have three motions Pitch, Roll Yaw.

Airfoil Principle

The propeller blades are the most important part of the drone each cross-section of the blade produces a lift force when air flows over the blade due to the Airfoil principle. The blade is designed in such a way that the lift force produced along the length will be in the same direction on both parts of the blades allowing us to represent the total lift force produced by the drone blade. 

The controller is used to modify the motor speed it is as simple as the greater the Blade Speed, the greater the lift force. 

What makes a drone fly?

During takeoff, just increase the rotor speed as the collective lift force produced by the blades overcomes the weight of the drone. It will lift from the ground this is known as a climbing stage. 

When you have achieved the necessary height you can reduce the rotor speed until the lift force exactly balances the drone weight that doesn't wait there we have it levitation. 

Drone Hovering

Levitation is technically known as Drone hovering in both the drone takeoff and hovering stages all four propellers rotate at the same speed. One diagonally opposite pair of propellers rotates in one direction and the other pair rotates in another direction, it might look strange but if all the propellers were spinning in the same direction then the drone body would have rotated in opposite direction.

Let's see why this is the case, this is because the stator of the motor is attached to the Drone body the rotor of the motor turns because it receives torque from the stator. If we enter Newton's third law of motion, if the motor is receiving torque from the stator, the stator will also receive an equal amount of torque but in the opposite direction of the rotor. If all the rotors are spinning in the same direction the Drone body will receive reaction torque. 

What happens if rotors are spinning in the same direction?

The net effect of these four reaction's torque would force the drone body to turn in the same direction as the reaction torque or in the opposite direction of the propeller rotation. By spinning the propeller pairs in the opposite direction, we make the net reaction torque zero.

Yaw Motion

Interestingly the same physics is used to achieve YAW motion in normal conditions all the blades will be spinning at the same speed, the yaw motion is produced by rotating one diagonal per at one speed and the other pair at a different speed. 

In this case, the reaction torque will not cancel out and the drone body will spin. when you control the yaw stick of the remote control its motion is circular.

Pitching and Rolling

Let's learn about the other two angular motions of the drone Pitch and Roll, the Pitch and Roll of a Drone are controlled by this same yaw stick and they worked based on the same physics.

Pitch Motion

To pitch the Drone forward the front propellers are spun at a lower speed and the back propellers at a higher speed. This creates a different lift force at the front and back and does a net torque the net torque causes the Drone to pitch.

Roll Motion

To roll the drone the same trick is applied but one side pair is spun faster and the other slower. Once again the net torque forces the drone to for a roll motion but to the side pair here.

One interesting thing to know, in both roll and pitch operation even though you are changing the speed of the propellers when you add the reaction torque produced by the motors it becomes zero.

This is the beauty of quadcopter drone design. They make way for stable Drone operation.

How does a drone fly forward?

At the beginning of this article we saw how to climb a Drone, now let's see how the Drone is flown forward or sidewalk. Assume you are facing the Drone forward after you achieve the desired pitch angle you brought the propeller speeds to the same value so that it won't pitch further, the Drone cannot balance at the tilted angle. 

To balance the drone we have to first balance the gravitational force suppose the propeller speed is such a way that the vertical component of the propeller force balances the weight, here comes the issue the propeller force has a horizontal component as well even though the vertical forces are balanced. 

The  unbalanced horizontal force will move the drone horizontally which will cause a drag force on the drone's body, the Drone will increase its speed horizontally until the drag force matches the horizontal force, 

In short, to fly the Drone forward you just pitch down the Drone and balance it vertically the Drone does the rest automatically moving forward. To get the side motion the same mechanics are used roll the drone toward one side and balance it vertically.

Is it possible to move the Drone in a perfect circle?

The answer is yes the answer lies in the physics of circular motion, Let's brush up on the basic principles Consider an object moving in a straight line when acted on by a force that is always perpendicular to its velocity the object will turn in a circle. 

For example, you can make the Drone move straight by pitching it down, now if you roll the Drone down you can easily produce a force perpendicular to the Drone's velocity, this will make the drone turn in a circle. 

I hope you have enjoyed learning about the interesting flight dynamics of the quadcopter drone.

If you want to read about Aircraft and the Indian Air force then[Click Here]

If you liked this post please do consider it to share.

What are your views comment down below?

 The whole world knows that the first airplane was flown by Wright Brothers, But what the world doesn't know is that 8 years before the Wright Brothers one Indian scholar named Shivkar Bapuji Talpade had already made and flown an unmanned plane in the sky.

Story of Shivkar Bapuji Talpade

The story of a genius who is unrecognized even though he made an invention that proves a turning point in the history of mankind Shivkar Bapuji Talpade was an Indian scholar who constructed and flew an unmanned airplane in 1895.

Shivkar Talpade was born in the area of Chira Bazar locality of Mumbai in 1864, he was a scholar of Sanskrit literature and the Vedas. He completed his full education at Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art (JJ School of Arts) Ph.D. degree.

How he got Interested in Aeronautics

At the age of 30, he came to know about ancient Indian Aeronautics through his teacher Chiranjilal Verma who encouraged him to read Swami Dayanand Saraswati's works related to ancient Aeronautics. Inspired by these texts, Talpade decided to construct the Vedic Vimana which is described in the Vedas and he started learning the Vedic Sanskrit language. 

Talpade got assistance from his teacher Mr. Shastri. Mr. Shastri made a big contribution to the invention of the airplane and believed in Talpade's knowledge.

Pioneer of Unmanned airplane / Construction of Plane

Talpade started creating an unmanned airplane using the Mercury ion as fuel. His airplane was named Marut Sakha which means friend of wind. This airplane is supposed to have been inspired by Vimana an ancient flying machine in Hindu mythology. 

In 1895, Talpade demonstrated his airplane on Mumbai beach in front of a crowd of hundreds, famous people like Lomanya Tilak, Mahadev Govinda Ranade, and King Sayajirao Gaikwad II were present in this incredible event.

Demonstration of airplane

This airplane(Marut Sakha) sustained flight for a few minutes it flew to a height of approximately 1,500 feet and then fell down to earth. 

Shivkar Talpade needed funds to continue his research to create a bigger airplane where a man could travel. King Sayajirao Gaikwad, II was amazed by his experiment and promised to provide funds for more research.

How Britishers pulled Shivkar Talpade down

But due to pressure from the British government, King couldn't keep his promise.

The British government did everything to suppress Talpade's experiment. But somehow he managed to get funds for his experiment.

He did everything to survive his experiment from the Britishers.

But surprisingly British government arrested him by claiming that he was making explosives from mercury. Then after Talpade spent many years in jail by the time he came out of jail Wright brothers had already invented airplanes. 

Britishers never wanted an Indian to make the first invention or any invention.

Claimed for his Experiment

Years after the invention of the Wright Brothers. Talpade died in 1916 without getting any credits for his experiment. Some of his students tried to put forward his invention so that Talpade could get deserved credits for his inventions.

But the world was not ready to accept that airplanes could fly by using a mercury ion engine. 

Leonardo da Vinci sketched once in his notebook in 1514. The parachutes were reinvented in the late of 18 century in 1783  but credit for the first invention of the first practical parachute goes to  Frenchman Sebastian Lenormand, the man who imposed the word Parachute.

What is the history of Parachutes?

In the early years of our present century, a group of Government and military men gathered to evaluate the possibilities of a new vehicle for use by the army. 

When the air age began many of the early designs were not the most reliable aircraft in fact some of them proved themselves to be no aircraft at all. 

But man was determined to fly at the beginning of the air age. Keeping this in mind, in the future if aircraft were successful then safety parachutes would have an important role.

When did Parachutes first come into use?

Experimenting of Parachutes

How Parachutes helped in World War

Seat ejection Parachute technique

The ejection technique came into practice

Adaptation of parachutes

Parachuting as sports

Conclusion

Hydrogen gas or H2 is a gas that contains a lot of chemical energy if you Ignite it, it will react with the oxygen in the air and release its energy using an explosion, and the only waste product is water. No CO2 nor any toxic gases just a bit of water. Of course, the uncontrolled explosion is great fun but how to properly use hydrogen as a fuel to power machines and vehicles, such as cars, well to do that we use a Fuel cell Hydrogen Fuel Cell.

What is Hydrogen Fuel Cell?

A hydrogen fuel cell is a device that takes hydrogen and oxygen and uses those to create electricity but how exactly does a fuel cell work let's find out.

How does it work?

Hydrogen Fuel Cell

The schematic diagram shows a Hydrogen Fuel cell in which on the left is the Anode and on the right side there is a Cathode, the anode, and the cathode are hollow areas in which gas can be sent inside, this is where the hydrogen gas goes and the oxygen goes into the cathode in between them there is a catalyst and an electrolyte(Proton exchange membrane).

What happens when the system is turned on?

When the system is turned on we get hydrogen in the anode and oxygen in the cathode, now the hydrogen inside the anode wants to go to the other side to meet with oxygen, and then react with it to form water. 

But there is a problem with it, H2 cannot get to the other side because there is something between them the Electrolyte(Proton exchange membrane). The electrolyte is a material that only lets positively charged things get through it. 

Why can't Hydrogen go through electrolytes?

To know the reason behind it we need to go into the depth of hydrogen, A Hydrogen is not positive. A hydrogen atom consists of one proton and one electron one positive particle and one negative particle making the overall particle neutral.

So the hydrogen in our system is neutral and not positive so it cannot go through the electrolyte. However, there is a solution to it which is the Catalyst. Now, what the catalyst does? 

In this case, it does the splitting of electrons from the protons so that electrons of the hydrogen atoms are removed from their protons.

So now we have got a bunch of protons and electrons, protons are also known as h+ which can pass right through the electrolyte because they are positive and they can meet with oxygen on the other side.

Generation of Electricity

But there is a problem, you see these are just protons and not really hydrogen anymore, so they can't react with oxygen and form water. 

To do that the electrons that are still on the other side must be transported over to the cathode first you might have noticed that words I used electrons and transported, and for transporting or moving electrons there is a name for that which is Electricity. 

That's right moving electrons is what we called Electricity, so we can simply connect a wire-like shown in the diagram, and then the electrons can simply able to float right through the wire to the other side, and they will meet up with the protons and can react which oxygen to form water which can leave the system and now what we have obtained is electric current running through a wire which we can then used to power a light, the bulb, a motor.

This is how the power output of the fuel cell is obtained.

Where are these Fuel cells used?

Hydrogen fuel cells are useful in automobile industries. Hydrogen is arguably safer than gasoline, so safety isn't a huge concern for hydrogen.

Advantages

Hydrogen is the most abundant and readily available source of energy. To support zero carbon emissions hydrogen is one of the best alternatives and one of the clean energy.

As it is having the highest calorific value it will be more powerful and more efficient. It is more efficient than many other green energy solutions. 

One of the most important advantages is that it has a fast charging time compared to many other combustion engines.

Drawbacks

Now although the cell is such a clever invention does have some drawbacks, 

First of all, it gets really hot when it is in operation and this can lead to fuel cells potentially damaging can themselves if it is cooled properly.

Another disadvantage of a fuel cell is it is very expensive you can remember that catalyst we talked about that is actually made out of platinum which is of course so very expensive.

Conclusion

So now you know how a Fuel cell works. But keep in mind that Fuel cells are different from battery cells. I hope you enjoyed reading this post.

What do you think will Hydrogen Fuel Cell be the future of electric vehicles?

If you liked this post or topic please do consider commenting with your thoughts and share.

 It all starts with the IBM personal computer, the most advanced computer machine ever created. However, this isn't the story of the computer. But a story about when computers stop working. The man who created a way started all over. The man who invented Control-Alt-Del.

Who created Ctrl-Alt-Del?

He was Dr. David Bradley. Back in 1980, he worked in IBM's personal computer. His particular job was writing basic input outputs in systems. Even with an elite team of engineers and designers, not everything goes smoothly when you build a computer. 

The programs that ran most of the time got failed the only way to reset the system was to turn the power off and wait a while to turn the power back on it would go through a very long self-test but the system might die every 5 to 10 mins.  It was not easy.

Where did Ctrl-Alt-Del come from?

What he needed was away, shortcut to restart the process. One thing that came out after their discussion was to put a Reset Button on it but if a reset button was put on the system board there was a chance that if it could hit by mistake then all the data would get lost.

Many engineers worked on it but could not find a solution. So after many attempts, the solution they came up with was a three-key sequence that would reset to this computer.

And a new coding hits by mistake a single Control key a single Alt key, and then all the way over at the right-hand side a single Delete key when you hit Control-Alt-Delete, You're are deleting everything that you're working out right now, and starting new. 

Wasn't it great at that time to come up with this invention?

When does it get popular?

Even though it was built only as a development tool, programmers began incorporating the features in their applications from there it was released into the while but didn't immediately reach pop culture status for years it was no big deal.

Then suddenly on the 20th anniversary of the IBM PC that's when Ctrl-Alt-Del became a sort of cultural icon the reason behind this was Bill Gates, it was the simplest and easiest way to fix your problem and hit control alt del start all over.

Now, this is very interesting on asking Dr. David about his invention.

Interesting answer by Dr. David

On asking Dr. David about his invention Cnt-Alt-del, he answered that he got a lot of things with IBM but all everybody remembers is CONTROL-ALT-DELETE. But taking the fame of CONTROL-ALt-DELETE means he worked on a very successful Product.

The man did this invention when he was in his 40s and now he is 71.

Things to learn from this invention

Inventing new things from the existing ones was not an easy task at that time. But what we can learn from this invention is that,

There is always a solution to a problem trying to solve may find a way.

There is always a Way you only have to find the Will.

If you find this post interesting and knowledgeable, please consider commenting your thoughts below in the comment box and share this post.

 Every year we celebrate many festivals. But sometimes we do not know the stories and reasons behind it. Why these festivals are celebrated. This is the season of Holi so we will see why we celebrate it the reason behind and what must learn.

What is the story behind Holi why do we celebrate it?

This Festival got its name from 'Holika'. Hiranya Kashyap use to be king of demons and after long prolonged austerity(meditation) he was blessed with power by Lord Bhrama which was no one can kill him either at night or during the day, nor at home or outside, without any weapons. He became powerful as he uses to misuse his powers and tell others to worship him as he was booned by gods.

Then after a long time, he was blessed with a son named 'Prahlad'. Prahlad uses to worship Lord Vishnu and he had a huge belief in Vishnu. When others use to worship Hiranya Kashyap his own son use to worship Lord Vishnu, he got angry.

Hiranya also threatened his son to worship him. But his son refused it. He also executed many plans to kill his son but none worked, even Prahlad was placed in between the poisonous snakes but none affected him he still worshiped God Vishnu.

Holika sitting along with Prahlad on burning pyres

At last, his father Hirnaya thought of one more plan to kill his son Prahlad, he approached his demoness daughter named Holika and told her that you are going to sit on fire with her younger brother Prahlad, Holika sat on fire covering herself with a blanket so that Prahlad get burnt. But Prahlad had the blessings of Lord Vishnu. 

But Look at the beauty of Nature, the blanket came on Prahlad, and Holika got burnt to ashes and Prahlad was safe.

After that Lord Vishnu came in the evening between day and night and killed Hiranya Kashyap and ended the story.

This is the reason every year on this day people burn large pyres to symbolize the burning of the demoness Holika then after this Festival got its name  'Holika' and one more question arises.

Why do we play with colors on Holi?

The question you must be thinking that why do we play with colors on Holi and who started it.

It all started when Shri Krishna started playing Holi with colors in Vrindavan with his friends. Colors had significant importance because at that time colors were made using flowers and that is the reason they were skin-friendly. 

But for a few decades, these colors are made using chemicals that harm our skin.

Thus, after the Holika bonfire, Holi is celebrated with colors.

Things to be learned 

Many things can be learned from this festival of Holi but here are some of the qualities of things we must learn,

Suppose there is a bike which travels a long mile but there is one condition, it must have petrol in it. So from here, we got to know that the working medium required in a bike will be "Petrol". It implies that the bike will not start if there is no petrol in it.

So the system that works on fluid like oil is called Hydraulics.

Similarly, any system that works on pressurized air is called Pneumatics.

Introduction

In Hydraulics, Pressurized oil is the working medium and in Pneumatic Compressed air is the working medium.

Hydraulics came from the Greek word "Hydraulikos" which means water pipeline 

Pneumatics came from the Greek word "Pneomatiks" which means Air Pressure.

History

Hero of Alexandria was a Roman engineer and mathematician of the century(A.D) who had a big contribution to Hydraulics and Pneumatics.

He had written many theories like Maths Physics mechanics pneumatics. So we call him the father of Hydraulics and Pneumatics.

Construction

There are three stages to it 

Stage 1: Input stage  

[ In the input stage there are devices like push buttons]

Stage 2: Control and processing stage  

[In this stage specialized control valves are used like 5/2,3/2,4/2. So that the fluid (working medium) flow can be controlled]

[In this cylinders are used as an output]

All the 3 steps are the same for both systems, the difference is the input supply. In hydraulics working medium is oil whereas in the pneumatic working medium is air.

Difference

Applications

For Hydraulics:

 A portable power supply has become the lifeline of the modern technological world, especially the Lithium-ion Battery. Imagine a world where all cars are driven by Induction motors and not Internal combustion engines. Induction motors are far superior to IC engines in almost all engineering aspects, additionally being more robust and cheaper. 

Another huge disadvantage of IC engines is that they only produce usable torque in a narrow band of engine RPM. Considering all of these factors, induction motors are definitely the perfect choice for an automobile. 

What is the difference between an IC engine and an electric engine?

Why are Electric cars better?

How do Electric cars have a connection with Solid-State Batteries?

Arrangement of Batteries in series and parallel

Taking the example of the Tesla cell, it has a voltage between 3 - and 4.2. These cells are called solid-state batteries and they are having a structure like normal batteries.

Many such Tesla cells are connected in series and in a parallel fashion to form a model. 16 such models are connected in series to form a battery pack in a Tesla car. Thus it forms a big battery on which the Tesla car runs. To know more about Solid State Batteries[Click Here]

Who is working on SSB (Solid State Batteries)?

And many companies are working on it but to the overheating of batteries, they are lagging.

How do Electric Cars have an advantage?

We're told that electric cars are the future. Petrol and diesel cars will be banned in the UK by 2030, and many European and American countries are following suit. 

India also is in the race for electric cars and many automobile companies are on the verge to launch their models. Likewise, Tesla's electric car works on a total electric solid-state battery which is the showstopper in the automobile sector for its different approach to satisfying the need of people and care towards nature. 

To take human life more towards the future. Tesla always comes up with innovative ideas for electric vehicles. 

Conclusion

Compared to Internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles electric cars are quieter have no exhaust emissions and have lower overall emissions. Many electric car companies want to launch their own electric cars but they are still advancing in their batteries. 

However, the constant power supply for an induction motor is the real barrier to achieving the induction motor to revolutionize the automation industry.

The market for electric vehicles will be more significant in India in the future than ever seen before.

 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was a visionary leader and founder of the Maratha Empire in western India during the 17th century. He was born in 1627 in the Shivneri Fort in Pune, Maharashtra, India, and went on to become one of the most revered and respected figures in Indian history.

What is the first thing when we think about 'Marathas' Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Guerilla warfare or the war fought against the Mughals? But we often forget that in medieval India there was only one kingdom that had its own navy.

Based on this Navy Marathas didn't just maintain their dominion on the entire Konkan coast but also suppressed all other naval powers including the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the Britishers.

Maratha Navy 

One of his most significant achievements was the establishment of a navy, which helped him gain control of the Arabian Sea and maintain communication with various coastal regions. He also built a network of forts, which served as the backbone of his empire's defense and allowed his army to move swiftly throughout the region.

So how did the Maratha navy come into existence and how did they maintain their domination on the coast of Konkan for nearly 100 years?

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

The Maratha navy was a powerful naval force established by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha Empire in western India. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj recognized the importance of controlling the sea, especially for the coastal regions of his empire, and therefore, he made significant efforts to establish a navy.

So the story begins in the medical period when the Navy was called Armor in Marathi. To establish the navy, we had the raw material for the workers but the workers didn't know the technique to build a naval ship. So Shivaji Maharaj asked who knew this technique. So he asked a Portuguese by the name of Vegas to send his men and pay them handsome money to start shipbuilding. 

But Maharaj told Abaji Sondev that every man he would assign to the job should be very sharp. (Just imagine their ingenuity). Maharaj said this because he knew that the goa headquarters of the Portuguese would find out that the Marathas were building a Naval ship, and they would definitely interfere. Two months later Viegas suddenly quit his job and left. Maharaj asked Sondev if he had done as instructed. Did you assign smart men? Abaji Sondev said not to worry Maharaj we've learned everything. And they started a factory. 

While building ships Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj also made sure that the designs of their ships were slightly different from European ships. European ships were in deep waters, so the portion was quite profound. But Maharaj knew that the ships would remain near the coastal areas which were not so deep. So he built his ships smaller and flat bottoms so they could stay closer to the coasts. 

By doing this Shivaji Maharaji's Navy oppugned the Britishers and the Portuguese and European Navy. Shivaji Maharaj gave Marathas a grand navy and turned it into a profitable enterprise and well-organized. The Maratha navy also played a significant role in protecting the Maratha Empire from attacks by other neighboring kingdoms, such as the Siddis of Janjira. Overall, the Maratha navy was a significant achievement of Shivaji's reign, and it served as a model for naval warfare in India for centuries to come. This is the reason why he is called the Father of the Indian Navy.

Some lesser-known facts about Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

• Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the Sixth child of Shahaji Raje and Jijabai.

• Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was an excellent Archer.

• Chhatrapati Shivaji started a native "Rajyabhishek Shak" Calendar after his coronation.

• Around the year 1656 when he conquered the fort of Belapur, he decided to build his own navy two Portuguese men primarily assisted him in making his navy.

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ordered his biography to be written while he was still ruling.

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had the Rajkosh composed for promoting the Marathi language.

• Chhatrapati Shivaji offered 1,00,000 Frangipani(Chafa) flowers to Lord Someshwar after conquering the fort of Panhala.

• The birthplace of Shivaji Maharaj gained freedom in 1757- 77 years after his death.

He knew the importance of language to the culture of the kingdom. When he came into power much of the daily duties works were performed in the adapted languages which came along with the invaders, the languages like Urdu and Persian were used for office work.  Chhatrapati Shivaji freed his motherland and insisted on the use of the language of the land "MARATHI".

Shivaji Maharaj was also known for his policies of religious tolerance and social justice. He believed in treating all subjects equally, regardless of their caste, creed, or religion. He is known for his respect for women and his efforts to empower them, which included establishing a women's army known as the Durga Dal.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the master of all fortifications. An expert in Ganimi kava (Guerrilla warfare). Shivneri fort lies in the Junnar region born in this fort in 1630 but even after multiple attempts could not capture the fort Shivneri. 

Today, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is celebrated as a hero and an icon of Maratha pride. His legacy continues to inspire generations of Indians, and his life and leadership serve as an example of courage, determination, and vision.

A visionary man and a great leader.

Janta raja means not only knowing the minds of our people but also knowing the mind of our opponent.

 Have you seen a few pictures of smartphone explosions, if you have noticed them carefully, the reason is the battery behind them? Those batteries use a liquid electrolyte, the liquid electrolyte is flammable and the chances are high for exploding of the battery. 

But what about pacemakers and RFID readers? Pacemakers and RFID readers use solid-state electrolytes in their volatile batteries, and the chances of exploding are almost negligible. Solid-state batteries are the future of battery technology and consumer electronics and electric vehicles.